Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Cops: Acropolis

Principales Edificios (Main Buildings)

Genesis

Temples and urban areas: the market square and surrounding areas. Public crops were within the polis.

Each polis was:

• Self-employed (own laws)
• Sovereign (independent politics)
• Autarquia (independent economy)

Its population was around 5,000 people.

Forms of Government

• Monarchy (King)
• Aristocracy (Nobles)
• Plutocracy (Rule by the wealthy)
• Tyranny (Rule by an ambitious individual)
• Democracy (Equality)

Sparta: A Warrior State

In 1200 BC, the Dorians descended to the Peloponnese and built towns, forming a warrior camp. Two kings and 28 elders, who prepared the laws, led the state. These elders formed the Gerousia. Laws were then approved or rejected by the popular assembly.

Athens: From Monarchy to Democracy

Athens...

The Second World War was a devastating military conflict that spanned from 1939 until 1945. It involved nearly all European countries, Japan, the United States, China, and European colonies across North Africa, Asia, and Oceania, making it a truly global event.

Origins of World War II

The primary causes of this monumental war included:

• Nationalist Discontent: Germany harbored resentment over the loss of significant territories due to the Treaty of Versailles. Italy, similarly, felt aggrieved, believing it had not received the territories it deserved after World War I.
• Economic Protectionism: The adoption of protectionist economic policies, aimed at reducing imports, led to an increase in tensions and trade disputes between nations.
• Expansionist

The Carlist Wars (1833-1875): Liberal Opposition

The Succession Problem

In the later years of Ferdinand VII's life, a succession crisis emerged. In October 1830, his fourth wife, Maria Cristina de Borbón, gave birth to Isabella II. Anticipating the possibility of a female heir, Ferdinand VII approved the Pragmatic Sanction, abolishing the Salic Law of 1713, which prevented women from inheriting the throne. This act disinherited Carlos María Isidro, the king's brother and previous heir. Carlos refused to recognize his niece's right to the throne.

The First Carlist War (1833-1839)

Following Ferdinand VII's death in September 1833, armed uprisings supporting Carlos began, initiating a seven-year civil war. This conflict reflected a deep political...

Why Did Reconstruction Fail?

-The failure of the North to effectively rebuild the South and bring it back into the Union during Reconstruction is evident after the time period. First, the unsuccessful nature of Reconstruction can be seen in 1880 when the "contrast between the South and the Northeast was similar to that between Russia (one of the poorest nations in Europe) and Germany (one of the wealthiest)." Also, "long into the 20th century, the South remained a one-party region under the control of a reactionary ruling elite" that harbored hatred against the North. In fact, until the 1940's, Tennessee was the only state of the former Confederacy to observe Lincoln's birthday as a legal holiday.

-Another issue of Reconstruction, the integration

Series of articles of the BAS of 79 (still in use). Legal text. Signed by Adolfo Suarez. The author was usually the autonomous governor of the region. The document is the confirmation of the BAS. First level.

Context: Back to the end of Franco's reign and transition. After Franco's death, the government changed. Suarez was introduced as a co-operator and started making reforms. First, the Political Reform Bill was submitted to a referendum. Once approved, it marked the opening to democracy. Elections were held. In the central government, UCD was the winner. In the Basque Country, PNV won. They began writing the 78 Constitution, which established a democratic national sovereignty and a constitutional monarchy. The two chambers, Congress and Senate,

The Arrival of the Muslims

The arrival of the Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century is related to a civil war between the Visigoths when different factions fought to succeed to the throne. One of the opposing sides, formed by the opponents of King Rodrigo, decided to seek the help of Muslims who were in North Africa.
In 711, in response to this request for help, a Muslim army entered the Iberian Peninsula. In the same year, led by Tariq and Musa, it conquered King Rodrigo and began a rapid conquest of the Spanish territory.Tariq landed in Gibraltar in 711 at the head of an army of thousands of soldiers who were, for the most part, Berbers from North Africa.

The Battle of Guadalete

The Muslims easily defeated the Visigoths in...

The Vietnam War (1955-1975)

Overview

The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War and the Resistance War Against America (or simply the American War in Vietnam), was a protracted conflict spanning from November 1, 1955, to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. The war involved Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Officially, the war was fought between North Vietnam (supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies) and South Vietnam (backed by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand, and other anti-communist allies). Often considered a Cold War-era proxy war, the conflict lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement concluding in 1973. The war resulted in the communist takeover of all three countries...

The Reign of Carlos IV and the French Revolution

Carlos IV's reign began in 1788. He initially seemed to follow in his father's footsteps, favoring a reformist monarchy based on the principles of the Enlightenment. However, with the start of the French Revolution, his government panicked and repressed all revolutionary ideas through the Inquisition. When Louis XVI of France, Carlos IV’s cousin, was tried and executed, Spain sent troops to fight the National Convention, but they had little success.

When Napoleon came to power in 1799, Spain’s new Prime Minister, Manuel Godoy, returned to the policy of alliances with France, following the 18th-century tradition of the Pactos de Familia. The Spanish fleet joined forces with the French to implement...

Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

This table provides a list of countries, their corresponding nationalities, and the languages spoken in each country.