Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Other courses

Does Susana like classical music?

-I can't remember if Susana likes classical music

How old are you?

-Could you tell me how old are you?

There do you live?

-Can i ask you there you live?

Where does he live?

-Can i ask you where he lives?

Where did you work?

-Can i ask you where you worked?

Do you like tea?

-Can i ask you if like tea?

Has he worked in London?
-Can i ask you if he has worked in London?

We hope to have the new producto on the market next year.

We've decided to gear the hotel to business tourism.

They hope to increase their profits by using promotional techniques.

If you let experts do your marketing you will get better results.

A questionnaire in each room lets guests make comments on the room.

Tourism providers have to gear their products to what

W.B. Yeats and the Irish Literary Revival

W.B. Yeats was an Irish poet whose work often referenced Maud Gonne, an Irish patriot and revolutionary woman. During the early part of his career, he devoted himself to the Irish Literary Revival and Irish patriotism, seeking to develop a new religious iconography based on Irish mythology. He rose to literary prominence and helped to found the Abbey Theatre.

In 1923, Yeats reached the height of his poetic power between the ages of 50 and 70. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. The Waterboys, a popular band, adopted 14 of Yeats' poems for their album "An Appointment with Mr. Yeats." Mike Scott, the band's lead singer, described Yeats' verses as "a gift for any songwriter....

Britain's Initial Resistance to the EEC

The British government feared that joining the EEC would damage special bonds with the Commonwealth, potentially leading to a loss of commercial advantage due to existing commercial agreements.

Economic and Political Concerns

Politically, Britain feared that accession to the EEC could mean the end of the British nation and resisted the idea of a European political union.

The Demand for a Free Trade Area

The UK emphasized its refusal to join a customs union. The British government defended the establishment of a free trade area where internal customs duties were abolished, but national governments maintained the competence to enact their own tariffs with regard to third countries.

The Shift: Economic Decline

The Liberation of South America

The Latin American independence movement was a significant struggle, often compared to the American Revolution. While both events shared similarities, key differences also existed.

Similarities:

• Both were led by well-educated elites.
• Both aimed to overthrow the rule of a mother country.
• Both were large-scale civil wars.
• Both benefited from foreign assistance.

Differences:

• Unlike the American Revolution, the Latin American struggle lacked a unified direction or strategy due to vast distances, geographical obstacles, and economic and cultural isolation between countries.
• Latin American countries faced prolonged struggles against Spain's power and numerous internal and external challenges.

The struggle for independence had...

Liberal Revolution in the Reign of Isabella II

Introduction

The reign of Queen Isabella II can be divided into two periods. Her reign meant the consideration and creation of the liberal state, transitioning from the absolute monarchy to a parliamentary one. There were conflicts, such as the Carlist Wars.

Background

Before Queen Isabella II, there was absolutism. King Ferdinand VII, her father, had conflicts with his brother, Carlos, due to the succession laws.

Minority of Isabella II

Carlist Wars

The death of King Ferdinand VII without male descendants created political uncertainty. Castilian tradition, until Philip V of Bourbon, dictated the Salic law. The Cortes of 1789, called by Charles IV, attempted to abolish the Salic law, but it was not officially...

The Marshall Plan

• Marshall delivered a project to aid economic recovery in Europe.
• Marshall Plan Objectives:
  • Avoid the mistake of isolating the United States after the First World War.
  • Create a strong core of capitalist economies; this could curb the temptations of communism.
• The Marshall Plan provided aid credits to countries that benefited from it and was instrumental in their quick recovery.
• A prerequisite for inclusion in the plan was the acceptance of democracy and capitalism.
• The USSR and other Communist countries were left out, although in 1949, they founded the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, also known as Comecon), a socialist economic cooperative body.

The Beginnings of the Cold War: The Korean War

• The Cold War marked international

Consequences of World War II

Changes in the Map of Europe

Victorious countries established new frontiers for defeated states. The main beneficiary was the Soviet Union, which gained territory at the expense of Germany, Finland, Poland, and Japan. Other countries also experienced border changes.

Creation of the United Nations

Another consequence of World War II was the creation of the United Nations, following the failure of the League of Nations.

Impact on Civilians and Soldiers

The war resulted in a great loss of life, along with many wounded and maimed individuals, creating a significant economic burden. Those who survived faced hardships and poverty. Both soldiers and civilians were traumatized by the brutalities they witnessed and endured.

The

Causes of Decolonization

• Weakness of the metropolis after World War II: End of the myth of the invincible metropolis, economic crisis, guerillas in occupied countries, and public opinion against settlement.
• Favorable international context: USSR and USA opposed to colonialism; UN in favor of independence.
• Emergence of nationalism in the colonies: Communist parties, national fronts, and religious nationalism.

Independence Processes in Asia

India

• (1948) Leadership of Gandhi and the Congress Party.
• British opposition: civil disobedience.
• Independence and partition into India and Pakistan.

Indonesia

• (1949) Leadership of Sukarno.
• Combating Holland for independence.

Indochina (Vietnam)

• Leadership of Ho Chi Minh.
• French war (1946-1954).
• Division into Democratic Republic

Spain in the 18th Century: The Bourbons

The War of the Spanish Succession was the first major European conflict of the 18th century. It began when Carlos II died in 1700 without an heir, leaving Europe's two leading dynasties to fight over the Spanish throne.

The Contending Dynasties

• Philip of Anjou (House of Bourbon): Grandson of the French king, Louis XIV. Supported by France and the Crown of Castilla.
• Archduke Charles (House of Hapsburg): Austrian. Supported by Austria, Great Britain, the United Provinces, Prussia, most German states, Portugal, Savoy, and the Crown of Aragón.

The Conflict and Resolution

Initially, supporters of Archduke Charles aimed to prevent a union of France and Spain. However, when he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1711,...

First Settlements and Colonial Conflicts

Columbus and Early Encounters

First Settlements: Columbus: Spanish settlement began in the Caribbean in 1492. Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached the easternmost part of Asia, leading to the initial encounter with the Arawak people, whom he called Indians. In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci confirmed the discovery of a "New World," later named "America." Bartolomé de las Casas opposed the Spanish Encomienda System of enslaving Native Americans (NAs), though he controversially suggested enslaving Africans as a replacement.

English Colonization Attempts

The English colonization was delayed by internal conflicts. When they began in the 16th and early 17th centuries, colonists were motivated by promises of adventure,...