Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Other courses

Item 9

Consequences of the First World War

New countries converted into republics and adopted liberal parliamentary political systems, including:

• Germany
• Austria
• Czechoslovakia
• Poland
• Hungary

There was a social crisis that sometimes took on revolutionary features. In 1919 and 1920, there were numerous strikes. The unions and parties (socialists and communists) were reinforced, reminding workers that the Soviet Revolution had brought a working class to power. This led to opposition to democracies, both by the proletariat, dissatisfied with the repression of their rights, and the bourgeoisie, fearful of a revolutionary situation.

Democracies Facing the Crisis

To incorporate the emerging system of socialism, Great Britain faced a serious economic situation:...

1. Independence of the USA

The American Revolution initiated a cycle of liberal-bourgeois revolutions and stimulated the emancipation of Spanish American colonies. In the 18th century, the thirteen British colonies on the North American coast enjoyed wide political autonomy, though Britain maintained a "colonial pact" in which the metropolis monopolized trade. A unique mentality was forged in the colonies due to the origins of the population, characterized by an egalitarian and participatory spirit.

1.1. Origins

After the Seven Years' War with France, the British decided that the colonies should contribute to the monarchy's costs through taxes on various products, which provoked protests and boycotts of British goods. Although most rates were...

Argentina's Stance in World War II

In Argentina, after the outbreak of World War II (1939), the country seemed a fertile ground for economic growth. Belligerent nations increased their demand for foodstuffs and limited their exports of manufactured goods. The war also proved challenging and redefined the political landscape. Despite persistent government fraud and corruption, Argentina maintained its neutrality.

The 1943 Military Coup

On June 4, 1943, a group of military officers, led by General Arturo Rawson, overthrew President Ramón Castillo. The coup was initially welcomed by much of the political spectrum, which had hoped for a call for elections. However, just two days later, General Pedro Ramírez replaced Rawson as president. The new...

Naturalism in Education

Naturalism occupies a privileged place in education, seen as an agent of development, momentum, and progress. Rousseau, in his educational philosophy, disagreed with John Locke (author of Some Thoughts Concerning Education), whose work may have reached Rousseau in French translation.

Rousseau's Emile

Emile is Rousseau's seminal work, a philosophical narrative based on the principle of nature. Emile is a revolutionary manifesto. In June 1762, the French Parliament condemned it to be burned and ordered the capture of its author.

Principal Theses of Emile

• The child is the focus of the school.
• Education is based on the interests of the learner.
• Three classes of education: of nature, of things, and of men.
• In Emile, religious sentiment

Causes of Decolonization

• The desire for independence among the majority of the colonial population, opposing a metropolis that had imposed its way of life and culture, ruled despotically, and exploited their economies.
• The rise of nationalist movements to confront the settlers.
• The decline in the prestige of colonial powers during the global conflict, where they were defeated by the Axis. This defeat shattered the myth of white racial superiority.
• The expansion of international opinion against colonization, manifested through the Atlantic Charter (1941), the United Nations Declaration (1946), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), all of which proclaimed the right of peoples to self-determination.
• Support for decolonization from the

From the Great Depression Stock Market Crash

The desconfianza (distrust) spread among investors. On 24 October 1929 (Black Thursday), the New York stock market was severely affected. The urge to sell shares was overwhelming, but nobody wanted to buy them, thus triggering the stock market crash. Many investors were ruined, and people rushed to banks to withdraw their money out of fear. This caused many banks to collapse, and numerous businesses were ruined. The stock market crash precipitated the failure of many banks, leading to a widespread economic recession (depression) that affected many industries, including trade and agriculture.

Economic Consequences

• Consumption diminished.
• Factories closed because they could not sell their production.
• The

Evolution of Spanish Society During the Francoist Era

The Post-War Society (1939-1959)

These were difficult years, marked by hunger, disease, exile, and persecution. Only limited aid arrived from Argentina until 1953 due to Spain's international isolation. Given these difficulties, the regime encouraged a return to rural villages, promoting them as safer and healthier environments, thereby aiming to avoid potential social conflicts. The regime exercised rigid control through the Board of Censorship over all publications—written, oral, or graphical (magazines, radio, posters)—to suppress any anti-Francoist ideology.

Spanish Society in the 1960s: A Period of Transformation

This period experienced major changes:

• Population growth due to economic

The Historical Context of Immanuel Kant's Philosophy

This period of social inequality revealed new realities, with events like the American Revolution and the independence of the French Republic (which Kant supported). These events underscored two ethical and political ideals that trace Kant's Perpetual Peace: freedom, independence, and equality for all citizens.

Economic and Social Changes

In the economic field, there was an economic recovery and a population explosion. Countries like England and the Netherlands experienced an agricultural revolution due to advances in farming techniques and tools, ultimately leading to the Industrial Revolution at the end of the century. In Eastern Europe, feudalism persisted, with agriculture lagging.

The Age

His policy focused on the creation of a series of international alliances, known as the Bismarckian system, which aimed to isolate France. France, which resented the loss of Alsace and Lorraine during the Franco-Prussian War, could pose a threat to the stability of the newly created German state. It affirmed the hegemony of Germany in the world.

The Era of the Armed Peace (1871-1914)

The period between 1871 and 1914 is known as the Armed Peace because, although military forces were developed, there were almost no wars in Europe. It was thought that peace was assured forever, but disputes between the colonial powers, mutual jealousies, and the drive to be better armed than other nations would eventually truncate these hopes.

Primary Causes of the

Prominent Figures of the Spanish Second Republic and Civil War

Marcelino Domingo (1864–1939)

Born in Tortosa, Marcelino Domingo pursued a career in teaching. He was affiliated with federal republicanism in his native town. During the dictatorship, he founded the Radical-Socialist Party and worked tirelessly for unity among all republican and leftist forces.

In the Interim Government of 1931, he served as Minister of Public Instruction, where he implemented a policy focused on building schools, and subsequently served as Minister of Agriculture.

General Emilio Mola

Mola started his military career in Morocco, reaching the rank of general in 1927. He served as the last Director General of Security under the monarchy of Alfonso XIII.

Due to his possible...