Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Other courses

Setting and Context

• c1 The only job Philip knew was _____.
• c2 Jockeys wore _____ for races.
• b3 Philip felt that riding was _____ for a grown man.
• a4 Philip never went anywhere without a _____.
• b5 Harold Osborne told Philip that he must always _____ Victor Briggs.
• b6 Philip always had a drink with _____ on Sunday.
• a7 George Millace was killed _____.
• b8 In his box, George kept his _____.
• d9 Steve broke his _____ when he fell from his horse.
• d10 Philip’s mother had left him with Charlie when he was _____ years old.

Characters

• b11 George Millace was a famous photographer of _____.
• c12 Steve Millace was George’s _____.
• a13 Harold Osborne _____.
• b14 Victor Briggs owned _____.
• d15 _____ had taught Philip about photography.
• a16 Jeremy Folk was about _____, very

Nueva Planta Decrees

The Nueva Planta Decrees were a series of decrees issued in Spain in the early eighteenth century by Philip V. They abolished the self-government of the Kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, and the Principality of Catalonia. These decrees were a response to the support given by institutions in these territories to Archduke Charles of Austria (later Emperor Charles VI) during the War of the Spanish Succession.

Enlightened Despotism

Enlightened Despotism (also known as enlightened absolutism) is a political concept associated with absolute monarchies and the governmental systems of the Old Regime in Europe. It incorporated ideas from the Enlightenment, asserting that a ruler's decisions should be guided by reason.

Validos

Validos...

Twentieth-Century Spanish Journalism

Restoring stability contributed to the birth and development of company newspapers, which had suffered during the crisis of 1898. Notable publications included ABC, Sol, and El Debate.

Intellectual and Literary Influence

The early 20th century was characterized by high intellectual and literary standards, though these declined during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera due to prior censorship. Leading newspapers included:

• El Sol
• El Liberal
• La Feria

These publications featured works by prominent figures such as Unamuno, Valle-Inclán, and Ortega y Gasset, demonstrating the strong connection between literature and journalism. These papers discussed political, social, scientific, and philosophical topics.

The Second

The Rise of the Nazi Party and Hitler's Ascent to Power

3.1 The Nazi Party's Early Years

• 1920: The German National Socialist Workers' Party (Nazi Party) was founded, marking the emergence of the nationalist right. In its initial years, the party remained small and had limited impact on German society, despite receiving aid from large industrial and some military sources.
• Since 1921: Adolf Hitler assumed leadership of the party.
• 1923: A small group of soldiers, allied with the Nazis, attempted a coup against the Bavarian state government (the Beer Hall Putsch). The coup failed, resulting in Hitler being sentenced to five years in prison, though he served only nine months.
• During his imprisonment, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, outlining his core ideologies:

Cold War Beginnings and Divisions

The Cold War divide between the Allied blocs began in 1948 with events like the Berlin Blockade. But the Allies managed to supply the city by air, establishing an air bridge after the Soviet blockade failed.

Germany Divided

After the Soviet sector, the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR) was formed. Thus, Germany was divided into two states, a division that lasted until 1990.

Korean War (1950-1953)

A year later, Mao Zedong's communist troops achieved victory in the Chinese Civil War. The United States feared that communism would spread throughout the world.

In such an atmosphere, the Korean War (1950-1953) erupted in Korea, a former colony of Japan. After Japan's defeat during World War II, Korea was divided...

Impact of World War I: Political & Demographic Shifts

A significant consequence of the political landscape after World War I was the requirement for the new German Republic to pay compensation for damages caused to the civilian populations of the Allied and Associated Powers and their possessions. This incident severely affected the economy of the republic that emerged after the armed conflict. These allowances were stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles.

Another major political consequence was the collapse of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and German Empires:

• In the case of Russia, the tsarist rule transformed into communist Russia, and new independent nations emerged, including Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
• The Austro-Hungarian

Political and Military Dynamics of the Spanish Civil War

On the political front during the war, the Republican side experienced significant instability, cycling through several heads of government:

• Casares Quiroga
• José Giral
• Martínez Barrios
• Largo Caballero
• Juan Negrín

Power was initially shared between various boards, committees, militias, and revolutionary councils, which severely complicated military operations. In Catalonia, a Committee and the Rearguard Anti-Fascist Militia were created, formed by armed militias that organized transport, public order, and supply.

The Republican Socio-Economic Revolution

The socio-economic revolution in the Republican zone was characterized by libertarian communism, focusing on production, distribution, and consumption....

The Lineage of the Spanish Habsburgs

The Habsburg dynasty included Charles of Habsburg (Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire), Philip II (the Prudent/Conservative), Philip III of Habsburg (the Pious), Charles II of Habsburg (the Spell/Bewitched), and Philip IV of Habsburg (the Great).

Charles I: King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor

Charles of Habsburg was born in Ghent on February 24, 1500, and died in the monastery of Yuste on September 21, 1558. He served as the King of Spain as Charles I (1516–1556), and was the first to join the crowns of Castile and Aragon in his person. However, it was not until February 9, 1518, that the Cortes of Castile met in Valladolid and swore allegiance to Charles as king.

He was also the Emperor of

Understanding the Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War can be understood through two main theories: one emphasizes the role of external forces and the broader European context, such as fascist intervention or attempts to halt the advance of international communism. The other views the civil war as primarily a result of internal politico-social difficulties.

Causes and Precursors to Conflict

Political tensions during the Second Republic, characterized by a climate of fascist-communist radicalism and framed within the crisis of democratic systems across Europe, served as a breeding ground for the conflict. Events like the attempted coup of 1932, the socialist revolution of 1934, and the evolutionary radicalization following the Popular Front'...

Fascist Italy: Foreign Policy Shift

The shift in international politics produced a change in foreign policy, leading Italy to abandon its former allies and align itself with Hitler's Germany. Furthermore, rearmament took place, Italy invaded Abyssinia, and intervened in the Spanish Civil War.

German Nazism and the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)

The birth of Nazism occurred during the democratic Germany of the Weimar Republic. After the defeat in the war and the abdication of Wilhelm II, a provisional government was formed that called elections for the Constituent Assembly. This assembly promulgated the 1919 Constitution, making Germany a federal republic. This republic went through three phases:

Phase 1: Crisis and Instability (1919–1923)

This...