The American Revolution: Origins and Independence

1. Independence of the USA

The American Revolution initiated a cycle of liberal-bourgeois revolutions and stimulated the emancipation of Spanish American colonies. In the 18th century, the thirteen British colonies on the North American coast enjoyed wide political autonomy, though Britain maintained a "colonial pact" in which the metropolis monopolized trade. A unique mentality was forged in the colonies due to the origins of the population, characterized by an egalitarian and participatory spirit.

1.1. Origins

After the Seven Years' War with France, the British decided that the colonies should contribute to the monarchy's costs through taxes on various products, which provoked protests and boycotts of British goods. Although most rates were withdrawn, a tax on tea remained. The colonists boycotted this product, culminating in the "Boston Tea Party." The British government responded by closing the port and removing political freedoms. In protest, representatives of the settlers gathered at the Continental Congress in Philadelphia and agreed to cease importing British goods.

1.2. The Revolutionary War

The conflict began in 1775 following a failure in negotiations. The Virginia colony declared its independence, an initiative that supported the Declaration of Independence of the thirteen colonies, which became a federal republic under the name United States of America. Thomas Jefferson wrote the preamble to the Declaration, which was based on revolutionary principles. Great Britain rejected this statement, leading the North American settlers to form an army. While the British won the first two years, they were defeated at Saratoga. France subsequently recognized U.S. independence and formed an alliance against British sea power, joined by Spain. Great Britain eventually recognized the independence of the United States in the Treaty of Paris, while Canada remained a British colony.

1.3. Consequences

A convention met in Philadelphia to organize the country politically. The Constitution of 1787 is considered the first written constitution, establishing popular sovereignty and a Republican state. It was inspired by Montesquieu's separation of powers:

• Legislative Power: Congress consists of two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate, both possessing immunity.
• Executive Branch: The President of the Republic is elected via indirect election for a four-year term and cannot declare war. George Washington served as the first president.
• Judiciary: The Supreme Court holds judicial power. The Constitution could not be divided among the states; rather, it allowed for the integration of new states, with each addition represented by a star on the flag.