Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Babydoll's Fight for Freedom

In an action fantasy set within the vivid imagination of a young girl, her dream world offers the ultimate escape from a dark reality. Unrestrained by time and place, she's free to explore wherever her mind takes her, blurring the lines between reality and imagination. Locked away against her will, Babydoll (Emily Browning) remains determined to survive.

Driven to fight for her freedom, she rallies four other young women: the outspoken Rocket (Jena Malone), the street-smart Blondie (Vanessa Hudgens), the fiercely loyal Amber (Jamie Chung), and the reluctant Sweet Pea (Abbie Cornish). Together, they band together to escape their terrible fate at the hands of their captors: Blue (Oscar Isaac), Madam Gorski (Carla Gugino)...

Political Turmoil in Mid-19th Century Spain

The war was caused by the Carlist opposition to the marriage between Queen Isabella II and the Earl of Montemolín (son of Carlos María Isidro). In the last years of the decade, the Moderates signed the Concordat with the Holy See, a fact that temporarily solved the problem caused by the confiscation of Church property.

The Progressive Biennium (1854-1856)

In 1854, due to the crisis stemming from the conflict between the Senate and the government, a new military uprising led the Progressives to power. However, their government lasted only two years (1854-1856).

Key Political Parties and Leaders of the Era:

• Carlists: Opposed to Isabella II's succession.
• Moderates: Led by Narváez.
• Liberal Union: Led by O'

Ideological Principles and Methods of Organization

Key Features of Totalitarian Regimes:

• Establishment of a Totalitarian and Absolute State: The state assumes control over all aspects of life. Individual rights are subordinated to the perceived best interests of the community, negating principles of liberalism, individual rights, and separation of powers.
• Cult of Personality: Leaders like *Il Duce* (Mussolini) and the *Führer* (Hitler) are presented as strong figures with unquestionable authority, demanding blind obedience.
• Anti-Egalitarian and Undemocratic Regime: Society is to be guided by the perceived best and strongest, with a hierarchy that places men above women and the military above civilians. For the Nazis, the ideal woman was relegated

Spanish Liberalism: Historiographical Context

Liberalism in Spain is a historiographical text, the work of a historian analyzing events after the fact. The text refers specifically to the period from 1837 to 1840, years during which the Moderates governed, despite a later constitution. This era was defined by crucial factors: military power, the Carlist War, and significant economic debt.

The 1840 Municipalities Act and subsequent riots in Barcelona and Madrid led to the resignation of Queen Maria Cristina as governor, initiating the Espartero Regency. The text discusses the confrontation between the various liberal factions—Moderates and Progressives—and the social support each commanded.

The Dynastic Question and Ideological Conflict

Following...

The Spanish War of Independence

The disorganized nature of the initial resistance seemed to confirm forecasts that Napoleon's invasion would be quick and easy. However, the resilience of cities such as Girona, Zaragoza, and Tarragona, subjected to sieges by French troops, pinned down the French army and prevented progress towards the Levant.

Moreover, the defeat of the invaders in Bailén forced José I to leave Madrid, and much of the imperial army retreated north of the Ebro. Napoleon went to Spain in November to lead the counteroffensive. In January 1809, Joseph I returned to Madrid, and by 1809, French rule spread throughout Spain.

Guerrilla Warfare and Spanish Resistance

Resistance to the invasion was carried out by the guerrillas, small local...

Architects of the Restoration System

The political system of the Restoration was conceived and implemented by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, with the consistent support of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta.

Cánovas, a liberal historian and politician, had been trained within O'Donnell's Liberal Union. He possessed a profound knowledge of Spanish history and a clear vision for the nation's future.

Core Doctrinal Principles of the Restoration

The doctrinal principles underlying the Restoration regime can be summarized as follows:

• Stability and Dynastic Legitimacy

  The Restoration signified not merely the return of the legitimate dynasty, but also the overcoming of the previous period's political instability and the achievement of social peace and a stable political

Fragments of the Constitution of Cadiz: Text 2

Selection of articles from the Constitution of 1812, reflecting key features of a liberal state. This is a primary source of legal and political content.

The courts, in the absence of Ferdinand VII, decree and sanction the following (preamble):

• Hereditary Constitutional Monarchy (Art. 14)
• National Sovereignty (Article 3)
• Confessional state in the Apostolic Roman Catholic religion (Art. 12)
• Separation of Powers:
  • Executive Power: Resides in the King and the government (Art. 16)
  • Legislative Power: Resides in the courts with the King (Art. 17)
  • Judicial Power: Based in the courts (Art. 17)
• Bill of Rights and Duties:
  • The right to freedom of speech (Art. 371)
  • Duty to pay taxes (Art. 8)
• The Spanish nation is the collection

The Old Regime: The Empire of Charles V

In 1516, following the death of Ferdinand of Aragon, Charles of Habsburg took the crown of Aragon and Navarre. Due to the inability of his mother, Joanna of Castile, to rule, he also inherited the crown and possessions of the Indies.

France in the 16th Century

While Louis XIV ruled France in the 17th century, the 16th century saw a strong trend towards the centralization of power. The monarch became the symbol of the nation. The kingdom was a mosaic of regions, cities, communities, and lordships, influenced by two factors: the survival of the feudal system and feudal particularism. The political unity of France was forged through constant war-making, an aggregation of provinces or countries, which were integrated...

The Habsburgs in the 17th Century

The Reign of Philip III (1598–1621)

In 1598, Philip III ascended the throne of Spain. During his reign, the system of government initially mirrored that of his predecessors, but it was soon replaced by the delegation of power to a valido (a royal favorite) due to the monarch's perceived insufficient capacity. Consequently, the monarch placed state affairs in the hands of his favorite from the beginning of his reign.

Domestic Policy

The government addressed the issue of the Moors, whose integration into Spanish society had become increasingly difficult following the uprisings of the Alpujarras. In 1609, the king ordered their expulsion on religious and security grounds.

Foreign Policy

The period of peace ended in...

Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship: An Introduction

On September 13, after some hesitation, Miguel Primo de Rivera initiated a military coup in Spain.

The 1923 Coup: Context and Causes

The coup emerged from a prolonged crisis within the existing political system. Primo de Rivera's authoritarian regime aimed to transform the popular will, and it was widely believed that the coup could not succeed without the consent of various regions.

Causes of the Coup

• External Circumstances:
  • The triumph of revolutionary movements and the general crisis in Europe.
  • The implantation of new political ideologies.
• Internal Circumstances:
  • The decline of the political system.
  • Public disorder and general unrest.
  • The growing prominence of the military.
  • The rise of peripheral nationalism.