Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for Baccalaureate

Causa Sui

Causa sui is a Latin expression used to describe something that gives itself existence, whether or not it exists by reason of its own universality, according to nature. It presupposes an exception to the principle of causality, which preferentially applies to what exists through another cause.

Supreme Concepts

Supreme concepts are rational categories that dogmatic philosophers use to refer to a true world, the intelligible world. For Nietzsche, these are terms that elaborate a world beyond our reason and that, in an invented manner, replace our suspicion of the reality of becoming.

Belief and Knowledge

What dogmatic Platonic philosophers call true knowledge is, in fact, knowledge elevated to the being of reason. Its certainties are really...

Protists

Protists are unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Protozoa

Protozoa are heterotrophs and, like most organisms, reproduce asexually through division. They are divided into several groups:

• Sarcodina: they move and capture food using pseudopods. Amoebas and foraminifera belong to this group.
• Flagellates: they possess a flagellar system for locomotion.
• Ciliates: their structure is more complex, and they have various cilia formations with specialized functions. They also exchange genetic material through conjugation.
• Sporozoans: they are parasitic and reproduce through multiple fission. Their locomotion is based on flexion or gliding movements.

Algae

Algae are photosynthetic and aquatic organisms,...

Aerobic Respiration

The aerobic respiration is a type of metabolic energy process in which energy is extracted from organic molecules such as glucose, through a series of reactions in which oxygen acts as the final oxidant. In other variants of respiration, very rare, distinct from oxygen, another oxidant is used (anaerobic respiration). Aerobic respiration is the process responsible for most of the energy that living organisms obtain through aerobic respiration with oxygen. Aerobic respiration takes place in the cells of the body in general, in eukaryotes and in some types of bacteria.

Oxygen, like any gas, crosses biological membranes without obstacles. Oxygen passes through the plasma membrane and then the membranes of the mitochondria, reaching...

The Crisis of the Restoration System in Spain (1902-1931)

In 1902, Alfonso XIII assumed the throne at only 16 years of age. His reign saw the restoration system established by Cánovas remain in place, with the shift of the two parties (turno pacífico) and the 1876 Constitution, but the political system showed the beginning of deterioration and its fragility became evident in the following years. The main tests were: the instability of party politics, the unfortunate management of State affairs by Alfonso XIII, the persistence of caciquismo and administrative corruption.

In the final years of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the first ideological currents against the political regime of the Restoration emerged, grouped under the...

Resistance of Colonized Peoples

In the earliest stages of colonial subjugation, the resistance of dominated peoples arose primarily from cultural and religious roots. This opposition frequently manifested through active defiance and violent colonial wars. Secret societies were formed, and intense reactions to exploitation and colonial repression produced violent uprisings against the ruling metropolises.

Among the most significant historic episodes of resistance are:

• China: The Opium Wars (1839–1842)
• India: The Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1859)
• China: The Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Africa: Ethiopia's resistance against Italy (1886–1896)
• Africa: The Anglo-Zulu War (1879)
• North America: The Conquest of the West and resistance by Native Americans

Ultimately,...

Concrete Vibration Techniques and Frequencies

Frequencies:

• Low (1500-3000 rpm): Mobilize dry aggregates.
• Medium (3000-6000 rpm): Mobilize fine aggregates.
• High (12000 rpm): Affects mortar with little energy.

Classifications:

• Externals: Adapted to formwork or molds with vibrating rules (-amplitude, +frequency).
• Internals: Internal motor in the needle (40 mm diameter, electric high frequency and pneumatic converter -> few failures) or external motor in the needle (eccentric masses -> frequency multipliers by pinion and pendulum -> horizontal bearings).

Vibrators:

• Internal: Engine, hose, and needle.
• Frequencies: Massive 500-6000 rpm, 12000-20000 rpm for edification.

Needle Diameters in Edification:

• Normal: 38-40 mm
• 20 mm
• Solid

Action Radius and Execution:

The Spanish Theatre Before the 20th Century:

The theatre tradition evolved significantly, moving from classical forms toward modernity, as artists and entrepreneurs worked on both literary and spectacular productions. Public representations often changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, when European drama was dominated by structuralist approaches. Historical realism and exotic romanticism then gave way to a more critical view of society.

Structuralist realism was limited in scope. Parts of the plots were moralizing, and in some works the Burgués world was reflected without going into the personal lives or deeper problems of the characters. With the irruption of the end of the nineteenth century, naturalism proposed a step toward innovation....

Petrogenetic sedimentary environments are located outside the Earth's crust. They occur at low temperature and pressure, but as depth increases, they reach the border of metamorphism.

Types of Sedimentation

Sedimentary environments such as rivers, glaciers, wind, and the sea operate where there is a loss of energy, causing matter to accumulate in lower basins. These accumulations form sediments through two main processes:

• Gravity sedimentation: Involves pieces of stone or solid detritus.
• Chemical precipitation: Results in chemical sediments. Bioclastic sediments occur when organisms affect the precipitation of these chemical substances.

Continental Sedimentary Environments

• Alluvial environment: Found in mountain torrents where sediments form alluvial

Urban Morphology

Urban morphology is the study of the external physical form of a city. It is influenced by the site, that is, the concrete space on which the city is located, and by its situation, meaning the relative position of the city with respect to the wider geographical environment.

The plan of a city is the set of built surfaces that form it. An irregular street layout, with streets that are not defined by straight lines, is common. The type of construction includes the arrangement of buildings, which can be compact, closed or open. Buildings may be collective or individual, with varying heights and floor counts, and their diverse uses shape urban space.

The Urban Structure

The Old Town

The old town is the part of the city that has been...

Sector 3 – Tourist Interest

Areas with the first high tourist influx.

Highway: Roadways of high capacity, endowed with both circulation and free access to nodes.

Balance of payments: Accounting document that records the economic operations of a country with the rest of the world.

Commercial balance: Accounting document that records the differences between imports and exports.

Commerce: Economic activity that exchanges products and services between producers and consumers.

Wholesale commerce: Economic activity serving the production and retail commerce.

Retail commerce: Economic activity serving directly the production and the consumer.

Export: Sale of products to foreign markets.

Hinterland: Area influenced by a port.

Import: Purchase of foreign products....