Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for Baccalaureate

Environmental Risks and Their Prevention

For the prevention of environmental risks, steps are taken based on the specific risks determined by the vulnerability zoning of the territory in planning actions, aiming to minimize the possible effects of damage and risks. Examples include INUNCAT, NEUCAT, seismic, InfoCat, and PLASEQTA. Types of preventive measures include:

• Prediction measures
• Immediate intervention
• Recovery
• Subsequent awareness

The Environmental Hazards and Their Prevention

Risks are uncertain dangers to which a person or group of people may be exposed. Environmental risks are those that can affect the environment and the health of the inhabitants. Risk factors characterizing these hazards include:

• Scale: Size and intensity
• Frequency: Number

Racionalismo y empirismo

El racionalismo se caracteriza por dos afirmaciones fundamentales:

1. Se puede construir el conocimiento deductivamente en su totalidad a partir de primeros principios evidentes.
2. Estos primeros principios evidentes son innatos, sin mediar la experiencia sensible.

Por el contrario, el empirismo sostiene que el origen y el valor de nuestro conocimiento dependen exclusivamente de la experiencia; por tanto, niega que existan principios innatos.

Puntos en común

• El sujeto: se sitúa en el centro del concepto y desarrollo de la teoría del conocimiento.
• Objetivo: ambas corrientes intentan explicar el origen del conocimiento.
• Método: consideran que el modo más rápido y directo de conocer es la intuición.

Diferencias principales

• El

TMA 1

Characteristics of the population and economy of the Old Regime

- The population was in the first stage of the demographic cycle. Malnutrition, lack of hygiene and scarce resources, together with high mortality, very low life expectancy and high birth rates, were the characteristics of this stage. Years of economic prosperity and production increases were unable to feed the growing population, while the crisis of subsistence caused demographic crises, and these crises were responsible for demographic stagnation.

- The economy was land-based and the first strong basis was characterized by production for home consumption. Industry was hindered by the internal customs barriers that impeded domestic trade.

Characteristics of the estates society

-...

Continental Drift Theory

In 1915, in his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans, Alfred Wegener presented a revolutionary theory: that the continents had moved slowly to their current positions. Wegener himself never used the expression "continental drift." Most geologists of his time rejected this idea; some even ridiculed it. It took 50 years for continental movement (Wegener's term) to be taken into consideration as the basis for most modern theories.

Wegener provided many lines of evidence in favor of his theory: paleontological, geographical, tectonic, and paleoclimatic. However, he could not explain the mechanism responsible for continental drift. He proposed that the gravitational field strength exerted by the Moon on the Earth, which...

Soil Formation Factors

Parent Rock (Roca Madre): This is the mineral substrate from which soil is formed. It affects its color, texture, structure, permeability, and acidity.

Climate: This is the most influential factor. Temperatures affect chemical and biological processes, while rainfall conditions the leaching process.

Topography: Heavy soils accumulate in flat areas, while steep slopes lead to erosion and soil slippage.

Living Beings: These act in various ways. Various plants may acidify the soil, impoverish it, or enrich it by providing a base or picking up nutrients through their roots.

Time: This is a determinant factor, since the formation of a soil is a slow process that requires centuries.

Soil Horizons and Profiles

Soils are made of horizons...

C. Principles of Centralization and Decentralization

The Principle of Centralization as opposed to Decentralization.

The Principle of Devolution as opposed to Concentration.

The merger means that powers are concentrated in higher administrative bodies.

D. The Principle of Coordination

This principle refers to a series of techniques designed to coordinate the actions of multiple government administrations to achieve unity, ensuring consistency within their respective territories. Coordination usually seeks the voluntariness of the various administrations (not imposed) and integrates different techniques into two main groups:

• Functions: These relate to the development of joint plans, instructions, or guidelines that one management body issues to another,

Scientific Discourse: Characteristics and Principles

Scientific Technical Speech
The goal of scientific study is to understand the physical reality and its properties, with the aim of practical application.

Characteristics

• Its production takes place within the scope of cultural transmission of knowledge.
• Its information is verifiable and physical.
• It uses technicisms; the text may be aimed at an expert recipient in the branch or an interested reader.
• Its structure presents a clear logic and precise clarity.

Principles of Scientific Discourse

• Objectivity: Content must be based on data, experiments and observations. Contrasting opinions or expressions of feelings are not included. Information must always be verifiable.
• Universality: Contents have universal

Key Terms in Spanish Hydrology

Albufera: A coastal wetland separated from the sea by a string of sandbars (restingas) and connected only by a narrow passage. It is a typical coastal formation on the Mediterranean coast, such as the Albuferas of Valencia, Mallorca, and Menorca.

Aquifer: An accumulation of groundwater. It is formed when water from precipitation infiltrates the ground until it reaches an impermeable stratum where it accumulates. In Spain, these can reach levels of 400 in some months and are used for agricultural, industrial, and urban purposes.

Relative Flow: The relationship between the average annual flow of a river basin and its surface area, expressed in l/seg/km². In Spain, the rivers with the highest relative flow are found...

Greenhouse Gases and Earth's Climate

Greenhouse gases allow transparent solar radiation to pass through, but they are opaque to infrared radiation emitted by our planet.

The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect raises the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface. This is due to the difficulty of heat dissipation, caused by the presence of carbon oxides from industrial combustion. Is it harmful to life on Earth?

Origin of the Wind

Winds are caused by the Earth's rotation and differences in solar radiation, mainly longwave radiation, which is absorbed indirectly through the atmosphere.

Earth's Surface and Water

The presence of an atmosphere with greenhouse gases prevents the freezing of the hydrosphere.

Dynamic System: Atmosphere and

Geographical Singularities of Spain

The Iberian Peninsula is situated in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Spain is a country of extensive territory, being one of the largest nations in the European Union, with thousands of kilometers of coastline, two primary archipelagos (the Balearic and Canary Islands), and North African enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla). The Iberian Peninsula is shared by four political entities: Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.

Spain possesses singular geographical traits due to multiple factors, including its peninsular and insular nature, and its massive, compact quadrilateral shape. The nation is also defined by relative isolation from mainland Europe due to the configuration...