Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Urban Expansion and Metropolitan Dynamics

Urban expansion refers to the growth of urban lifestyles and the physical space occupied by cities, leading to the formation of large urbanized areas. Metropolitan areas are typically organized around a major city, which concentrates high-value tertiary activities, while the surrounding area supports diverse industrial, residential, and service-based uses.

Key Urban Forms

• Conurbation: The spatial union of cities of similar size.
• Urban Area: A diffuse conurbation where cities fail to bind spatially.

Common Urban Problems

Rapid growth often leads to significant challenges that require strategic intervention:

• Infrastructure: Deficient housing, water and light supplies, and public equipment.
• Mobility: Traffic congestion

Unit 1: Introduction to Canada 1900-1914

Immigration and Policy

Immigration: The movement of people from one country into another. Canada experienced its largest wave of immigration between 1901 and 1911. Three reasons for increasing immigration were to provide cheap labour for businesses, prevent the USA from expanding into territories, and satisfy railroads and businesses that believed there would be a high demand for Canadian natural resources.

Open Door Policy: An act providing few restrictions on who could immigrate to Canada, with the exception of criminals.

Imperialism:

Nationalism: A feeling of extreme patriotism toward one's country (Britain).

Métis: A person of mixed American Indian and Euro-American ancestry; in the 19th century, they...

Problems Related to Population

• Rapid population growth: Mainly in less developed countries.
• Ageing populations: Mainly in rich societies.
• Effects of large-scale migration.
• Coexistence in a multicultural world.

Migration Definitions

Emigration: Refers to people leaving one place for another.
Immigration: Refers to people arriving from another territory.

Three Factors of Migration

1. Nature: Forced or voluntary.
2. Duration: Temporary or permanent.
3. Place: Internal or international.

Why Do People Migrate?

• Economic: Especially to seek employment.
• Social: Better quality of life or to be near family.
• Political: Escaping from conflicts such as wars.
• Environmental: Escaping from natural disasters like earthquakes or floods.

Effects of Migration

In Countries of Origin

• Positive:

A greater biomass;

Higher levels of species diversity;

Better soil structure and greater water retention;

Lower pH;

Plant species will be taller and longer living;

Greater community complexity and stability/equilibrium;

Greater habitat diversity;

B Award [3-4 max] for human threats, [3-4 max] for natural threats

and [2-4 max] the consequences.

e.g. Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland, Australia

Human threats:

• Tourism; coral is very fragile and easily damaged by divers’ fins, touching coral, or breaking bits off for souvenirs;
• Overfishing can disrupt the balance of species in the food chain;
• Inadvertent damage from anchors and pollution from boats;
• Run-off of fertilizers from sugar plantations on the coast;
• Sewage and pollution from coastal settlements

Why Are Services Important?

The tertiary or service sector of the economy consists of all activities that do not directly produce tangible goods but provide services to satisfy people's wants and needs. These include the work of teachers, doctors, bus drivers, and hairdressers. Developed countries have experienced a tertiarization that has increased the importance of this sector within total domestic production (GDP) and employment. It is now the dominant business sector, providing about 70% of wealth and employment in developed countries.

Why Is Outsourcing Occurring?

For some services, such as call centers or certain IT services, the location of the provider is unimportant. As a result, companies often relocate these services to countries where...

Diverse Modes of Modern Transportation

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly efficient method of transporting large quantities of goods. Other modes include pipeline transport, which sends goods through a pipe; most commonly, liquids and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline.

Alternative Transport Systems

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. It is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit and conduct scientific experiments.

Understanding

Natural Resources and Raw Materials

Raw materials are natural resources which industry processes into finished products. Energy sources are natural resources which provide power. Raw materials have three origins: animal, vegetable, and mineral.

Classification of Minerals

• Metallic minerals: These contain metals.
• Non-metallic minerals: These do not contain metals.
• Energy minerals: These provide energy.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

Renewable resources either regenerate naturally after they are used or are never used up. Non-renewable resources are either limited in quantity or form more slowly than they are consumed. Minerals are non-renewable resources; some can be recycled, while others are non-recyclable.

Energy Sources and Industrialization

Conventional

Types of Societies

• Rural Society: The economy relies on agriculture, stockbreeding, minerals, and energy. There are only a few traditional industries, and many people work in the service sector, usually in small businesses. Most people live in villages. These societies are still prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
• Industrial Society: More than a third of the labor force works in industry. Production of iron, textiles, and chemicals represents the traditional sectors. There is little farming but a strong service sector in transport, communications, and trade. Most people have migrated from rural areas to towns. These societies are found in Eastern and Central Europe and Latin America.
• Post-Industrial Society: More than 60% of the population

Factors Influencing Birth and Fertility Rates

Different factors contribute to birth and fertility rates:

• Socio-economic factors: In poor countries, children work from an early age. In developed countries, children cannot work until they are 16 and are considered an economic burden.
• Cultural factors: The number of children is smaller when women have had more education. There are more children in societies where religion has a strong influence.
• Demographic policy: In underdeveloped countries where the population grows more quickly than resources, governments try to reduce the birth rate.

Mortality and Infant Mortality Rates

Mortality rate measures the number of deaths in a population. It is the relation between the number of deaths and the population...