Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Tourism

Causes of Development

• Five business days: From Monday to Friday, a long weekend, and a period of paid vacation each year.
• Pensions for invalidity and old age: Workers freed from precautionary savings.
• Use of cars, planes, etc.

Tourist Travel

From the emitting center, tourist flows are directed towards receptor cities depending on the distance. Nuclei may be:

• Near tourist centers: Located within a radius of up to 200 km from the emitting centers. Tourists stay in hotels, with residents, camping, etc.
• Intermediate tourist centers: Located within a radius of 2,000 km from the emitting centers.
• Distant tourist centers: Located 2,000 miles from the broadcasting centers. This space includes, among others, most cultural tours and also vacation areas

The Spanish Civil War

The Opposing Factions

The Nationalist Side (The Right)

Comprised all sectors discontented with the Republican reforms. They had the support of the Church due to the Republic's secular reforms. The Nationalist side controlled the rural areas of the country, and its capital was established in Burgos.

The Republican Side (The Left)

Grouped the popular classes. Initially, labor organizations acted in defense of the Republic, but internal conflicts arose due to differing political objectives among the various ideologies, which weakened the government and the Republic. They were supported in large cities and industrial regions and controlled the state's financial resources.

Key Military Campaigns

1. The Struggle for Madrid

The priority...

Consequences of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire

The French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire brought about the triumph of Enlightenment ideas, leading to the disappearance of the Old Regime. This transition is marked by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Recognition of National Sovereignty

National sovereignty was recognized and approved through national constitutions. These documents defined the rights and obligations of rulers and the ruled, organizing state power. Furthermore, ideas of independence began to emerge in the Latin American colonies. National movements fostered and spread the democratic ideas that triumphed in France. New revolutionary waves spread across much of Europe in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s.

The

Agrarian Structure: Latifundio and Smallholdings

The estates (latifundios) were large tracts of land of colonial heritage. Their owners were the proprietors of these vast areas used for the marketing and exporting of their products. In contrast, smallholdings (minifundios) were plots whose output was not profitable enough for commercialization, serving instead for peasant subsistence and cheap sales to large traders.

Oligarchic Domination and Social Order

The American revolutions were led by Creole sectors of urban oligarchies (the elite) and the light-skinned elite. Many states were established under oligarchic domination, implementing modernization programs that gained momentum and defended economic liberalism. Regarding the political aspect,...

Dominican Republic Facts

Political Geography and History

The division of the state is studied by political geography.

Agreements and treaties that legalized the division of the island into two countries include: Nijmegen, Ryswick, San Miguel de la Atalaya, and Aranjuez.

In the pre-Columbian period, the island of Santo Domingo was politically divided into Chiefdoms, which were Marién, Maguá, Jaragua, and Maguana.

Population Factors

Variables influencing population growth include: Natalidad (birth rate), mortality, immigration, and emigration.

Economy and Resources

Which of these minerals is more profitable for the country?

1. Silver and gold
2. Gold and ferronickel
3. Marble and nickel
4. Nickel and silver

The sectors comprising the economy are:

1. Primary, secondary,

Spanish Economy in the Early 20th Century

• The dominance of a slightly modernized agriculture sector.
• Industrialization centered in Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Madrid.
• The improvement of road networks (rail and road).
• The development of banking.
• State protection of Spanish production against foreign competition.
• The low Spanish presence in international markets resulted in a sharp reduction in exports.

Spanish Society in the Early 20th Century

• More than half the population lived in rural areas.
• A high percentage of laborers lived in the south of the peninsula; an oligarchy of large landowners persisted over these laborers.
• A thriving middle class in the cities.
• An increase in the number of workers.

The End of Alfonso XIII's Reign

Due to the declining...

Migratory Causes

• Sending Countries: Poor countries.
• Receiving Countries: Target-rich countries where people seek to improve their life conditions.

Classification of Migration

1. According to Training

• Qualified: Educated people who cannot find work in their own country.
• Without Training: People who had an education but work in unskilled and poorly paid positions.

2. According to Politics or Employment Status

• Legalized: Persons whose residence status is temporary.
• Refugees: War and ethnic intolerance in many countries have provoked an exodus of large groups.
• Illegal: This is illegal and massive, which is difficult to control and requires humanitarian action.

3. According to the Field of Travel

• National: When making a change of residence within the country.

Indigenous Peoples of Chile

Monkey

Located in the Loa-Choapa area. Nomadic hunter-gatherers living in bands. Known for their conchales culture and leather wolf balsas.

Aimaras

Inhabiting Region XV. Sedentary farmers who raised llamas (called Vishuna). Influenced by the Inca and their Quechua language. Organized into Aylws (land + family).

Atacameños

Located in the Salar region. Sedentary farmers with modern technology. Spoke the Cunza language (people + developed). Influenced by Inca mummification practices.

Diagitas/Moyes

Inhabiting the transverse valleys III and IV. Sedentary farmers and ranchers. Spoke the Kakan language. Known for their ceramic jugs, mugs, and duck-shaped shoes.

Picunches

Located in the South Central Zone and south of the Choapa-...

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the result of a set of economic and technological changes, which first occurred in Britain in the mid-eighteenth century and which led to a profound transformation of the economy and society. In the mid-eighteenth century, Europe began a process of growth (demographic revolution). The population grew from 140 million in 1750 to 187 million in 1800 and 266 million in 1850. The highest growth was in Britain. The causes of this growth were the increase in food production, improved hygiene, and advancements in medicine. There was, therefore, a decrease in mortality and a slight increase in the birthrate.

Population Increase and its Impact

The population increase led to an increase in food demand....

Physical Factors of Agriculture

• Climate: Each plant requires specific temperature and humidity conditions to grow. Consequently, certain crops thrive better in specific climatic zones.
• Soil: Each plant requires land with appropriate physical and chemical characteristics.

Human Factors in Agriculture

• Population: The need to feed an ever-growing population has led to the expansion of cultivated areas.
• Agricultural Techniques: The choice of technique determines the performance of cultivated land.
• Agricultural Policies: Governments influence agriculture through land reform laws, hydrological plans, and financial assistance to farmers.

Land Plots and Cultivation

• Plots: A plot is a division of agrarian space. Unfenced plots create an open field landscape,