Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Key Concepts of Human Migration

Migration: Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, usually across a political or geographical boundary. It can be internal or international.

Immigration: This is the process of entering a country to live there permanently or for a long period of time.

Net Migration Rate: This measures the difference between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving (emigrants).

• Formula: Net Migration Rate = (Immigrants - Emigrants) per 1,000 people.
• If the number is positive, the population increases; if it is negative, people are leaving.

Natural Growth: This refers only to the change caused by births and deaths.

• Formula: Natural Growth = Births - Deaths.
• If births exceed deaths = Positive

Hook

Hook: From the towering spires of Manhattan to the vibrant streets of Brooklyn, New York City embodies the energy and diversity of the world itself.

Context

Context: New York City has been the country's largest city since 1970. The center of the New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous agglomerations in the world. It is located on the eastern Atlantic coast of the country.

Definition: Global City Meaning

Def: One of the main global cities, which signifies that it is a city that serves as a primary node in the global economic network with: large population, multinational companies, globalized financial sectors, international transportation, high-quality research systems, and a world cultural output.

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Nature and Consequences of the Green Revolution

Q1: Critically discuss the nature and the consequences of the Green Revolution in the Indian economy.

Answer: After India's independence, to improve productivity in Indian agriculture, the government selected a district for the introduction of new technology under the Intensive Area Development Program (IADP).

Again, in 1965, this project was extended to 114 districts of India under the name of the Intensive Agriculture Areas Program (IAAP). The adaptation of this technology is considered the Green Revolution in Indian agriculture.

Technological Characteristics of the Green Revolution

The technological characteristics of the Green Revolution are:

• High Yielding Variety Seeds (HYV): The Green Revolution

Context: The Victorian Era

• This period was named after Queen Victoria, who reigned over Britain throughout this era.
• The Victorian Era lasted from 1837 to 1901.
• It was a time of significant reforms and social change driven by the Industrial Revolution. Under her rule, Britain became the world's largest empire.

Queen Victoria and Her Reign

• The Victorian Era marked the 63-year reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901.
• Queen Victoria ascended the throne at age 18. She was the granddaughter of George III and succeeded to the throne following the death of her uncle, William IV.
• The era was defined by rapid industrialization and the expansion of the British Empire.

Victorian Values

• Economic Growth: The middle class grew wealthy through industry, leading

Colonial Empires of the 19th and 20th Centuries

Major British Colonies

• Canada
• Australia
• Egypt
• Sudan
• Nigeria
• Kenya
• Rhodesia
• South African Union
• India
• Burma
• New Guinea
• Cochinchina

Major French Colonies

• America and Oceania: No colonies
• Morocco
• Algeria
• French West Africa
• French Equatorial Africa
• Somalia
• Madagascar
• Indochina

Other European Empires

Spanish Colonies

• Rio de Oro
• Equatorial Guinea
• Northern Morocco

German Colonies

• Kamerun
• Tanganyika
• South West Africa

Dutch Colonies

• The Guianas
• Indonesia
• Malaysia

Belgian Colonies

• Belgian Congo
• New Guinea

Portuguese Colonies

• Angola
• Mozambique

Danish Colonies

• Iceland
• Greenland

Italian Colonies

• Libya
• Somalia
• Eritrea

Non-European Empires

Japanese Colonies

• Korea

US Territories and Protectorates

• Cuba
• Panama Canal Zone
• Philippines
• Alaska
• Puerto Rico

Russian Territories

• Turkestan
• Manchuria
• Kuril

1.1 The Concept of a City

Human settlement refers to the distribution of the population over a territory, which can be either rural or urban.

a) Rural Settlement:

• Characterized by a low number of inhabitants and low population density. The specific criteria for what constitutes a rural settlement can vary depending on the region. For example, in Norway, a city can have as few as 200 inhabitants.
• Typically features low-rise buildings that can be either concentrated or dispersed.
• The primary economic activities are related to the primary sector, which involves obtaining natural resources.
• Life in rural settlements is often characterized by close social ties and a strong sense of community belonging.
• Examples of rural settlements include villages and

CAMINO DE SANTIAGO

pilgrimage route which continue existing, it became a major pilgrimage route in 11th century because of the invasion of Europe.

PRE-ROMANESQUE ART

period in European art, which emerged from Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th to 11th century.

RENAISSANCE OF URBAN LIFE

began in the 11th century, the population grew and new population centers developed in ancient Roman cities or in new cities.

BOROUGHS

new neighborhoods for craftsmen and merchants, they were also surrounded by walls, these new parts or cities appeared since the 11th century.

BOURGEOISIE

people who live in the borough and became a new social group, formed by aristocracy and traders.

URBAN ARISTOCRACY

the route of the richest families in a medieval city, they belonged...

Old Regime

• Agriculture: Continues with feudalism. Land is the basis. Problem: growing population.
• Craftsmanship: Controlled by guilds and follows steps to produce.
• Foreign Trade: Controlled by the state and monopolized (king has all power).
• Innovations: Domestic system.
• Social Structure: Three Estates system - privileged and non-privileged.
• Politics: From modern state to absolutism, increasing king's power.
• Culture: Religion justifies society and politics.

Enlightenment

Small changes in the Old Regime: keep monarchy but remove absolute power.

• Thinkers: Bourgeoisie and nobles.
• Context: In France and America in the 18th century.

Ideas

• Everything based on reason.
• Follow experiments.
• Progress and constant improvements.
• Follow happiness.

Thinkers

• Locke: Natural rights

What are Economic Activity?

- It is what is carried out by humans in order to acquire goods to satisfy the material needs of humans

What are Economic Goods and How Can They be Classified?

- Products and services generated by economic activity

• Composition
• Function
• Ownership

What are the Factors of Production?

- The resources that are required for the generation of economic goods

Types and Subtypes of Production Factors

- Natural resources: Resources provided by nature that can be used for production

• Renewable: Resources that will never be wasted
• Particularly renewable: Resources whose waste depends on their use
• Non-renewable: Resources that are always wasted

- Human resources: People who convert natural resources into economic goods

- Capital: Made up of material,...