Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Achieving Religious Unity in Spain

The Catholic Monarchs implemented policies aimed at establishing religious uniformity:

• The Spanish Inquisition (1478): They created this religious court to prosecute those who did not strictly follow Catholicism.
• Granada and the Muslims: In 1492, they signed the Capitulaciones de Granada with King Boabdil, initially respecting the religion of the kingdom's people. However, in 1499, Cardinal Cisneros, advisor to the monarchs, forced Muslims to convert or leave Spain. Those who converted were known as Moriscos.
• Expulsion of the Jews (1492): They also forced Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain.

The Age of Great Expeditions

Reasons for Global Expansion

• Trade Routes: It was necessary to find alternative routes

1. The Truce of Gods

The Truce of Gods was a period of peace in Europe that began after the Norman invasion ended.

2. Agriculture in the 11th Century

Agriculture developed significantly in the 11th century with new cultivation methods, farming tools, and the use of windmills and watermills.

3. Effects of Increased Production

The increase in agricultural production led to a need for more arable land, which resulted in demographic expansion.

4. Trade and the Growth of Cities

Trade played a crucial role in the growth of cities, as people flocked to urban centers for work and access to goods.

5. Christ's Residence

Christ lived in Jerusalem.

6. The Holy Land

The Holy Land refers to the area where Christ lived.

7. Pilgrims

Pilgrims are individuals who undertake...

Hawaii: A Volcanic Paradise in the Central Pacific

Hawaii, a state of the United States, is a volcanic archipelago located in the Central Pacific. It is the most remote chain of islands in the world, boasting a rich history and vibrant culture.

Geography and Climate

Hawaii's islands were once known as the Sandwich Islands. Today, they are home to over 1.4 million people and cover an area of 28,330 square kilometers. The state's natural beauty is unparalleled, with abundant flora and fauna. The climate is moderate year-round, making it an ideal destination for tourists and nature enthusiasts alike.

Agriculture and Industry

Agriculture plays a significant role in Hawaii's economy. The fertile land and favorable climate allow for the cultivation of...

Norman Dynasties and Feudal Peace

What could people establish in several kingdoms? Norman dynasties (Vikings). Was there any agreement between lords to maintain peace? Yes, there was an agreement to maintain peace on the roads and limit the effects of wars between feudal lords.

Main Changes in Productivity

• New cultivation methods: such as triennial rotation.
• New farming tools: such as the mouldboard plough and the use of horses.
• The use of windmills and watermills, which made grinding grain easier.

Population Growth and Land

What was the reason for population growth? The increase in agricultural production meant an improvement in diet and health. How did they get land? Peasants resettled old abandoned land and cleared new land for farming.

Expansion

1. What is Development?

Stark economic and social contrasts exist worldwide, leading to the classification of countries into:

• Developed Countries
• Transition Countries
• Less Developed Countries

1.1. Country Classifications

2. Measuring Development

Several...

Services Sector Dynamics

The High Middle Ages: Economic and Social Growth

The High Middle Ages saw significant growth across several sectors:

• Economy: Agricultural improvements led to increased food production and population growth.
• Society and Government: Cities became completely free of feudal lords, fostering independence.
• Culture: The first universities were established, and magnificent cathedrals were built.

Agricultural Innovations

Key improvements in agriculture included:

• The implementation of the three-field crop rotation system, increasing the area of land available for cultivation.
• The introduction of new crops thanks to irrigation techniques.
• The widespread use of windmills and watermills, which significantly reduced the need for manual labor.

Trade Routes and Early

The Agricultural Revolution

Changes in Farming Practices

• Elimination of Fallow Land: Continuous farming replaced fallow periods.
• Crop Rotation: New crops like potatoes were introduced in rotation cycles.
• New Crops from America: Tomatoes and maize spread across Europe, revitalizing soil and providing fodder.
• Manure as Fertilizer: Livestock manure became a natural fertilizer.
• Iron Tools and Plough Horses: Increased use of iron tools and plough horses improved efficiency.

Increased Productivity (Late 18th Century Onwards)

Agricultural productivity increased due to irrigation, chemical fertilizers, and mechanization (iron ploughs, seed drills, and new harvesting techniques).

Enclosure Acts (1760-1840)

Common land was gradually enclosed and became privately...

Light Industry

Textile and Clothing Industry

This sector converts raw materials of animal origin (wool, leather) or plant origin (cotton, linen, jute) into fabric. This fabric is then used to make clothing. Synthetic or artificial fibers (acrylic, polyester, nylon) are also used.

Light Chemical Industries

This sector produces cosmetics, detergents, plastics, insecticides, and paints.

Food Industry

This industry transforms raw materials from fishing, crop, and livestock farming and prepares them for consumption.

Automotive Industry

This sector manufactures all types of vehicles. It is dominated by large multinationals that share the different parts of the vehicle production process between facilities in several countries.

Electronic Industries

This sector...

LANDSCAPE:

Ok. I’m going to start talking about the landscape of Tasmania. In Tasmania there is a very different variety of landscapes, we can find from very green landscapes full of trees and different types of plants to very large deserts. The Tasmanian medium temperature is 23ºC during all the year as you can see this isn’t like Victoria (HAHAHAH), Victoria it's so cold and the summer lasts 2 months more than here.

The Tasmanian Devil

The Tasmanian devil is a species of dasyuromorphia marsupial of the Dasyuridae family. It is the largest carnivorous marsupial existing today, after the extinction of the marsupial wolf. It can arrive to 15 km per hour. Live in herds, that means you do not hunt or eat alone. As we have said before, they are...