Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

PRIMARY SECTOR

PRIMARY SECTOR

The primary sector involves activities related to obtaining natural resources for manufacturing or food:

• Agriculture involves farming the land to produce raw materials, such as cereals, cotton, and fruit.
• Livestock farming involves raising animals for food and for raw materials, such as leather and wool.
• Forestry consists of exploiting the wood from trees in forests and plantations, along with other raw materials, such as resin, cork, and rubber.
• Fishing involves catching or farming fish, molluscs, and crustaceans.

SECONDARY SECTOR

SECONDARY SECTOR

The secondary sector involves manufacturing raw materials and producing capital goods:

• Mining consists of removing rocks and minerals from the subsoil. Although this activity

The Tertiary Sector: Services and Economic Growth

The Tertiary Sector does not produce material goods. Instead, it provides essential services to people and other economic sectors. Examples include health care and education.

Growth and Importance in Developed Nations

In developed countries, the tertiary sector has undergone significant growth, both in terms of the number of people employed and the wealth generated, making it the most important economic sector today. This expansion coincided with the emergence of the Information Society.

Low-End Tertiary Services

The Low-End Tertiary Sector consists of jobs that require little specialized training and are usually poorly paid. Examples include cleaners and street traders.

Skilled Services and Professional

Natural Cycles

In nature, chemical elements vital to life, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, are neither made nor destroyed. They are recycled, moving round and round in the natural world in the form of minerals and nutrients. On land, they move from the soil into the plants, then into animals that eat plants, and then sometimes into other animals that eat plant-eating animals. Minerals and nutrients return to the soil either through an animal’s droppings, or whenever any plant or animal dies and rots away. Microorganisms in the soil, such as bacteria, play an important part in releasing the nutrients and minerals from the decaying matter.

Polar Lands

The North Pole is surrounded by the permanently icy Arctic Ocean. At the opposite end of...

Economic Systems: An Overview

1. The Role of Economics

Economics governs the management and utilization of resources to meet individual and societal needs. Economic goods encompass:

• Products: Tangible items like food, books, and computers
• Services: Intangible work performed for others, such as transportation, education, and hairdressing

2. Factors of Production

Economic activities rely on various resources known as factors of production:

• Natural Resources: Earth, water, plants, animals, etc.
• Human Resources: People and their labor (e.g., teachers, doctors, hairdressers)
• Capital Resources: Money, buildings, machinery, equipment, etc.

3. Types of Economic Systems

Economic systems vary in how they control factors of production and allocate resources:

Planned

Why Did the Industrial Revolution cause a change to the social and political System?

The Industrial Revolution was a rapid economic change And it took place between 1780 and 1870 in Great Britain. It affect to the Social and political system in Britain as we are going to explain now:

European population started to grow from the 18th Century, but it intensified from the 19th century onwards. This demographic revolution was a consequence of the high birth rate (due to the better economic Perspectives made people marry younger) and a sharp decrease in the death rate (because they improved hygiene conditions, there were fewer diseases, and due To the improved of the agriculture they have better diets…)

Industrial society was no longer divided by

English Goes West Across the Atlantic…But It Is Not Alone on the Trip

The Mayflower was the Pilgrim ship that in 1620 made the historic voyage from England to the New World. The ship carried 102 passengers in two core groups – religious Separatists coming from Holland and a largely non-religious settler group from London.

In Canada there was a British community that spoke English and a French community that spoke French. In Caribbean there were French, Spanish, Dutch and English people.

A Commercial Empire

• English colonial ventures were mostly conducted by private commercial companies.
• Famous companies involved in the British settlement in North America include:

1. The Virginia Company of London.
2. The Plymouth Company.
3. The Hudson’s Bay Company.
4. The

The Fief: Structure and Self-Sufficiency

The fief consisted of a rural estate composed of extensive areas of arable land, pastures, and forests where people hunted and obtained firewood and other products. The fief economy was self-sufficient.

The estate was divided into two parts:

• Demesne: Land that was exploited directly by the lord. It consisted of farmland, pastures, and woods. It was farmed by serfs. The lord was also the owner of the mill, press, and oven, and peasants paid for these services.
• Tenements: Plots of land the lord gave to free peasants in exchange for rent or a part of the harvest, and for carrying out different services for the lord on his land.

Jousting: Medieval Knightly Competition

Jousting was a competition in which two knights...

Currently there are about 200 states in the world.

Inhabitants of the Planet

All the inhabitants of the planet live, work, and conduct daily activities in countries. Information about a country includes its location, area, natural characteristics, history, government, symbols, culture, economic activities, and international links.

What is a State?

A state results from a society organized to establish political, legal, and administrative rules governing coexistence. Once established, society is under the state's authority.

The Constitution: A Cornerstone

A central element for state development is the Constitution, the most important legal rule. The constitution organizes the state, establishes the bases and institutions of government, specifies fundamental...

The Crisis of the 70s-80s: Monetarism and Neoliberalism

The Post-War Economic Miracle

Between 1945 and 1973, the world experienced three decades of an economic miracle. The most extreme case was that of Germany. After World War II, 20% of its entire housing stock was destroyed, and its industrial production in 1947 was only one-third of the production achieved in 1938. However, in just three years, the economy began growing so strongly that the average GDP growth rate in the 1950s climbed to 8% a year and remained at a high level in the next decade, although it was not as spectacular.

The Oil Shocks: A Turning Point

The situation, however, would change in the 1970s, a decade known for its oil shocks. In 1973, as a result of Western support for...