Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Baccalaureate

The Spanish Industry Today

In 1986, the Law for the Promotion and Coordination of Scientific and Technical Research was approved. In 1988, the first National Plan for Scientific Research and Technological Development was launched. Since the accession to the EU, the technological deficit has increased. New technology investment is highly concentrated from sectoral and enterprise points of view.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

Small and medium enterprises currently account for 90% of the industrial fabric, 60% of secondary sector employment, and 22% of Spanish exports. Public enterprise drives the Spanish industrialization effort across all sectors despite the strategic deficit. Multinational companies represent about 37% of manufacturing production...

Immigration foreigners: nationalized ('ll have to be full-fledged Spanish) legal (resicencia permission to retain nationality and origin) illegal (most difficult to quantify) CAUSES: · by Spanish: need of workforce development since 1995, especially in low-skilled occupations, the regulation of illegal and family reunification. Proximity of Spain to Africa, the historical ties with Latin America and the climate of the foreigners mediterrrani · For economic reasons and political reasons. The origin is usually: USA Latin America Africa and Asia, its destination catalunya madrid, hp, depending on the Islands and canaries.Perfil rocedencia site:-Community (retired high-level rating for the weather conditions or adults attracted by the possibility...

The road network uses only a tenth of its roads.

Transport and Communications System in Spain

The system of transport and telecommunications are two basic elements to boost the economy and promote regional balance. In recent decades, public investment in transport infrastructure has become a priority for the state, alongside the emergence of new telecommunications companies.

Infrastructure and Transport Features

Main features of our transportation system include:

• Adaptation to Physical and Socioeconomic Conditions

  There is a close relationship between physical characteristics, social and economic planning, and the provision of transport infrastructure. The network of roads and railways has had to adapt to the high average altitude of the Iberian

Population Dynamics

The dynamics of a population depend on several parameters: birth rate (b), mortality, emigration and immigration. These are measured as the number of births, deaths and migrations per unit of time relative to the total population of individuals.

The population change rate is calculated as: r = b - m + (immigration - emigration).

Population growth can be represented by survival curves, age pyramids and growth curves. The theoretical form of growth is exponential, while real growth is limited by environmental resources.

Ecosystem Functioning and Parameters

Ecosystems are quantified using key parameters:

• Biomass: the mass of living organisms per unit of surface or volume.
• Production: the biomass increment over time, such as fresh

Inequality and Development

Market failures have the worst consequences for people, such as an increase in income inequality and persistent poverty.

Global Inequalities

• Inequalities within a State: In most countries around the world, these have increased over recent years.
• Inequalities between countries: These inequalities are greater than those that occur within any country.

Underdevelopment

When we travel to a developing country, we know we are in a different country, which is poorer than ours, and we could categorize it as underdeveloped, developing, poor, or less developed.

Characteristics of the Poorest Countries

• Low income per capita: These countries have a very low per capita income.
• Strong social and income inequalities: They usually have significant

The 17th Century Demographic Crisis

In the first half of the seventeenth century, a demographic crisis occurred, as the population dropped from 8 to 7 million. The causes were:

• The Plague: Bloody outbreaks that coincided with food crises, including bad harvests, famine, and hunger.
• Expulsion of the Moors (1609): This accounted for 3% of the population.
• Economic Difficulties: Factors that increased migration to America, reduced the number of marriages, and increased the number of religious figures.

The Financial Crisis of the Crown

The real problem of finance: The indebtedness of the royal treasury was caused by continual wars, worsened by the decline in the arrival of precious metals from America. During the seventeenth century, there were six bankruptcies....

The Madoz Disentailment of May 1, 1855

The text is legal, legislative, and public. It is a disentailment law. As shown in the text, this law affects all public and church property—that is, "dead hands" (mortmain) or property that was not producing anything.

Comparison with Mendizábal's Confiscation

This represented a continuation of Mendizábal's confiscation, aiming to remedy the public debt and end the Second Carlist War. The results were also very similar: government debt was addressed, economic returns increased slightly, but low productivity still failed to sufficiently feed the population.

The key difference from Mendizábal's confiscation is that by selling civilian and communal goods, the peasants suffered. That is, they were left without...

The Reconquista and the First Christian Kingdoms

The Reconquista is the historical period spanning from the year 722 (Battle of Covadonga) until the fall of Granada in 1492. During this era, the northern Christian kingdoms gradually took possession of Muslim-held territories. Repopulation (Repoblación) refers to the occupation of these conquered lands, serving vital military, economic, and political objectives.

The first Christian kingdoms to emerge were Asturias (Astur-Leonese), followed by Leon and Navarre. Shortly after, the Hispanic Marches appeared. Through the struggles between Navarre, Castile, and Aragon, the kingdoms of Leon and Portugal were established by the 13th century, marking the progression of the Christian reconquest.

The Monarchy

Economic Overview

GDP stood at €29,029 and 26,630 (ue24880). Rate increases in 2007 were 3.6%, 3.7% and 2.9%. CPI-adjusted consumption index: 3%, 2.8% and 2.3%. Activity rate: 61%, 58% and 57%. Unemployment rate in 2007: 6.7%; 2008: 11.8%, 14.4% and 8%.

Sectors

The tertiary sector accounts for 65.4%, 67% and 71%. The secondary sector accounts for 22.1%, 17.5% and 20.2%. The primary sector accounts for 1.3%, 2.9% and 1.9%. Workforce: 2.2% and 4.5%; EU: 5.6%. Foreign investment from Europe grew 3.4% (2.5% from the EU).

Commerce

New forms of sales are emerging, including chain franchises, outlets and e-commerce. Retail trade is growing in importance. The sector is dominated by family businesses, with low professionalization, limited implementation...

Urban Planning Agents and Urbanization

Urbanization and Urbanism

The set of processes by which the city grows in number, population and surface is called urbanization; one of its characteristics is the expansion and generalization of urban lifestyles. The discipline that studies these phenomena is urbanism.

The Urban Planning

Urban planning is the process of planning how activities should be organized and how urban areas should develop; it concerns the particular life and activities that take place there. It is necessary to regulate activity and the influence of different stakeholders who participate in generating urban space. Land is classified into three types:

• Center soils: We can intervene where the land is immersed in a process of integration