Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Primary education

Lord Jim

Captain Marlow, a professional sailor and amateur narrator, decides to tell the public all about the tragic story of Jim. Back in the day, Jim left his sinking ship, the Patna, along with other crew members. Although publicly disgraced, Jim found a sympathetic partner in Marlow.

After hearing Jim's whole, sad story, Marlow tried to help him over the coming years. Marlow found Jim jobs, but Jim always gave up and ran back in an effort to escape the humiliation and shame.

After Jim makes his way to the island of Patusán, he becomes a leader among local residents and even finds a girlfriend. Good times do not last, because a man named Gentleman Brown appears and wreaks havoc on the island, and Jim makes some bad judgment calls that result...

English Irregular Verbs: Spanish Translations

Distancing: Reporting and Impersonal Structures

Using 'Seem' and 'Appear'

(Parecer y aparecer)

• It seems/appears + that + clause
• Subject + seem/appear + infinitive
• Would seem/appear (parecería - more formal): It would seem/appear + that + clause

The Passive Voice for Distancing

• It + passive verb + that + clause (Verbs: agree, announce, believe, expect, hope, report, say, suggest, think, understand)
• Subject + passive verb + infinitive (Verbs: believe, expect, report, say, think, understand)
• There + passive verb + to infinitive

Other Distancing Devices

Apparently, According to, may/might

Speculation and Deduction

Present Tense Modals

• Must: (debe)
• Mustn't: (prohibido)
• Can't: (no puede)
• May/Might: (quizás)
• Could be: (podría ser)
• Should: (deber)

Past Tense Modals

Modal...

English Conditionals Theory

Zero Conditional

We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules.

• If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night.
• Ice melts if you heat it.
• When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

Structure: if/when + present simple >> present simple.

First Conditional

We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.

• If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
• Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
• When I finish work, I'll call you.

Structure: if/when + present simple >> will + infinitive.

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as, or in case instead of if:

• I'll leave as soon

My Summer Holidays

My last holidays were my longest holidays, and I think I learned how to spend my time wisely. I had a lot of fun with my friends and family, and I met new people too. I visited different places throughout the summer and made an effort to connect with others wherever I went.

San Sebastian

My first stop was San Sebastian, a beautiful town in the Basque Country. A friend who owns a house there invited me to stay for a few days. I went with some friends, and even though we only spent five days there, it was enough to make us want to return next summer! We spent hours on the beach in the mornings, simply lying down, soaking up the sun, and gathering enough energy for the rest of the day and night! We went out every night until the...

The Lost Boys and Wendy

All children and Peter: Another! Another!

Wendy: I'm tired, and I have told them many.

Peter: You're right, let her rest.

Child 1: Okay (sadly), are we going to play?

Child 2: If you are going all out.

Captain Hook's Plot

Hook and Smee were impressed by Wendy's tales.

Hook: That girl has very great stories!

Smee: If true, Lord.

Hook: And apparently, Peter loves her...

Smee: Yes.

Hook: What if we take her with us? She could tell stories, and Peter would rescue her (evil face). We will give her back if you tell us where the treasure is.

Smee: Good idea, sir!

A Meeting with Tinkerbell

Wendy and Peter begin to walk in the woods.

Peter: Wendy, I want to show you a great friend of mine.

Wendy: Seriously? We...

Peter: (looking everywhere) Tinkerbell!...

Essential English Grammar Practice Drills

1. Verb Tenses and Structures Correction

Review and correct the verb forms and structures in the following sentences:

1. I had (have) my photo taken (take) at school yesterday.
2. If you stay (stay) up too late, you will regret (regret) it in the morning.
3. Oh, no! My mobile isn't (not be) in my bag. I must have left (leave) it at home.
4. Earlier today, workers at the factory were told (tell) that it would close on 30th May.
5. This time next week, I will be walking (walk) around Paris! I can't believe (not believe) I'm finally going there!
6. He decided (decide) to give up drugs five years ago, after he had used (use) them for three years.
7. I haven't seen (not see) Julian since 2005.
8. She was riding (ride) her bike over the bridge

William Hogarth: The Pioneer of Sequential Art

William Hogarth was a highly influential British painter and a self-made artist. He is most famous for his sequential art—a series of paintings designed to tell complex moral stories.

Marriage A-la-Mode: A Social Critique

His most significant work is Marriage A-la-Mode. Hogarth uses this series to critique society through a didactic lens.

The First Painting: The Contract

In this scene, characters are arranged as if on a stage, divided by an imaginary line into two distinct groups:

• The Right Group: Features the Duke, whose ducal crown appears repeatedly. He displays his genealogical tree to prove his lineage to the Conqueror. He suffers from gout and is named Lord Squanderfield (to squander is to dilapidate

Exploring Themes of Identity and Belonging in Two Literary Works

Master Harold"...and the Boys by Athol Fugard

This play, set in a South African tea room, delves into the complex relationships between Sam and Willie, two black servants, and Hally, a young white boy. The story explores themes of:

Key Themes

• Discrimination: The play highlights the stark realities of racial discrimination in South Africa, touching upon issues of skin color, prejudice, and the injustices faced by black people.
• Parenthood and Mentorship: The dynamic between Sam and Hally showcases a unique father-son bond, where Sam acts as a mentor and guide to the young boy.
• Social Class and Education: The play examines the disparities in social class and education, emphasizing the

Body Parts

Vocabulary

• Ankle: tobillo
• Back: espalda
• Brain: cerebro
• Chest: pecho
• Finger: dedos
• Heart: corazón
• Knee: rodilla
• Muscle: músculo
• Neck: cuello
• Shoulder: hombro
• Skin: piel
• Thumb: dedo gordo
• Toe: dedo del pie
• Wrist: muñeca

Health and Fitness

Vocabulary

• Fit: en forma
• Healthy: sano, saludable
• Ill: malo, enfermo
• Strong: fuerte
• Unfit: no está en forma
• Weak: débil

Environment

Vocabulary

• Environment: medio ambiente
• Decrease: disminuir
• Eco-friendly: respetuoso con el medio ambiente
• Fossil fuels: combustibles fósiles
• Global warming: calentamiento global
• Greenhouse gas: gas del efecto invernadero
• Grow: crecer, cultivar
• Increase: aumentar
• Organic: orgánico
• Pollution: contaminación
• Produce: producir
• Run out: agotarse, quedarse sin

Additional Vocabulary

• Algae: alga
• Beef: carne