Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Primary education

Using "Will" for the Future

The structure for affirmative sentences using "will" is:

Subject + "will" + base form of verb + rest of sentence

Example: She will love the new movie.

Using "Going To" for the Future

The structure for affirmative sentences using "going to" is:

Subject + to be + "going to" + base form of verb + rest of sentence

Example: He is going to buy a new car.

Negative Forms

• Will: She will not love the new movie.
• Going to: He is not going to buy a new car.

When to Use "Going To"

"Going to" is used in English to talk about future actions in three main ways:

1. It expresses plans or intentions that have already been decided before the moment of speaking. Example: I’m going to study medicine next year.
2. It is used for predictions based on present

Verb Phrases

• Buy a newspaper: comprar un periódico
• Call a taxi: llamar a un taxi
• Dance the tango: bailar el tango
• Draw a picture: dibujar una imagen
• Find a parking space: encontrar una plaza de aparcamiento
• Give somebody flowers: darles flores a alguien
• Hear a noise: oír un ruido
• Help somebody: ayudar a alguien
• Leave your bag on a train: dejar tu bolso en un tren
• Meet a friend: conocer a una amiga/amigo
• Paint a picture: pintar un cuadro
• Look for your keys: buscar tus llaves
• Remember somebody's name: recuerda el nombre de alguien
• Run a race: correr una carrera
• See a film: ver una película
• Send a text message: enviar un mensaje de texto
• Sing a song: cantar una canción
• Swim in the sea: nadar en el mar
• Take a photo: tomar una foto
• Talk to a friend: hablar a un

Ishmael

Ishmael was deeply unhappy with his life in New York City. Yearning for an interesting life and a new job, he embarked on a whaling voyage that promised excitement and adventure. As a sailor, he would see the world and perhaps even encounter the most fearsome whale in the sea, Moby Dick. However, hunting whales was a dangerous and challenging task, especially for someone with limited experience like Ishmael.

Peter Coffin

Peter Coffin was the manager of the gloomy hotel where Ishmael stayed.

Queequeg

Queequeg, despite his somewhat eccentric nature, was a kind and decent man. He was quiet and preferred to retire early. His face, adorned with tattoos, might appear intimidating, but he was not a bad person. He had tattoos covering his body,...

English Irregular Verb Forms and Personal Study Notes

Exercise Responses/Notes:

• 10) D, A, C/D, A, B, B
• 11) At home, working in London, remember grammar and vocabulary.
• 12) She can’t remember. Well, she can go from one to the other without thinking (about) Spanish. When she was about seven, she thought it was silly; they were boring.
• 13) Nm, T, f, f, nm
• 14) A lot of people think quickly. Last letters: understand (them), feet.

Irregular Verb Conjugations (English - Basque Translation)

The following table lists common English irregular verbs with their base, past simple, and past participle forms, alongside their Basque translation.

Mastering Irregular Verbs

Comprehensive List of Irregular Verbs

This is a comprehensive list of irregular verbs in English, showing their base form, past simple, and past participle:

• be - was/were - been - ser, estar
• beat - beat - beaten - bater, derrotar, pulsar
• become - became - become - tornar-se
• begin - began - begun - começar
• bite - bit - bitten - morder, picar
• blow - blew - blown - soprar, tocar (instrumento de sopro)
• break - broke - broken - quebrar, interromper
• bring - brought - brought - trazer
• build - built - built - construir
• buy - bought - bought - comprar
• catch - caught - caught - agarrar, pegar (doença)
• choose - chose - chosen - escolher
• come - came - come - vir, chegar, aproximar-se, acontecer
• cost - cost - cost - custar
• cut - cut - cut - cortar
• deal

Reported Speech

Verb Tense Changes in Reported Speech

• Present Simple becomes Past Simple
  • -s/-es changes to -ed or irregular verb form
• Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous
  • am/is/are + verb-ing changes to was/were + verb-ing
• Past Simple becomes Past Perfect
  • -ed or irregular verb form changes to had + past participle (3rd column)
• Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect
  • have/has + past participle changes to had + past participle
• Past Perfect remains Past Perfect
  • had + past participle remains had + past participle
• Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous
  • have/has + been + verb-ing changes to had + been + verb-ing
• Past Perfect Continuous remains Past Perfect Continuous
  • had + been + verb-ing remains had + been + verb-ing
• Future Simple

From Adjectives to Adverbs (-ment)

To form adverbs, we add -ly:

• Polite → Politely
• Adjectives ending in -y change to -ily: Happy → Happily
• Adjectives ending in -ic add -ally: Pessimistic → Pessimistically
• Irregular adverbs: Fast → Fast, Hard → Hard, Good → Well

Opposites

• Accepted → Refused
• Complicated → Simple
• Poorer → Wealthier
• Earlier → Later
• Meanness → Generosity
• End → Beginning
• Brilliant → Awful
• Import → Export
• Baggy → Tight
• Fail → Succeed
• Old-fashioned → Modern
• Raise → Lower

Third Conditional

If + Past Perfect (had/hadn't + past participle), would have + past participle

Hypothetical past events (events that didn't happen).
Example: If Mark had left earlier, he would have caught the train.

Comparatives and Superlatives

Letters to Magazines or Newspapers

Film Review
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to complain about your review of the film Happy Ever After. I believe it gave the wrong impression, and I’d like to provide readers with an alternative opinion. Firstly, there were several errors in the review. For example, it said the main character was a teenager, whereas she was actually in her twenties. More importantly, however, the review suggested that this was a silly film that only very young people would like. In fact, my friends and I, who are in our late teens, really enjoyed it. To sum up, I would tell your readers not to be put off by your review. This is an entertaining film – watch it and decide for yourself. Yours faithfully, (117)

Emails
Opinion on

English Vocabulary

Compound Adjectives

• Badly-dressed
• Fair-skinned
• Big-headed
• Free-spirited
• Blue-eyed
• Fun-loving
• Curly-haired
• Good-looking
• Easy-going
• Self-confident

Places and Lifestyles

• Dangerous - Safe
• Busy - Quiet
• Unfriendly - Welcoming
• Lively - Dull
• Green - Polluted
• Poor - Wealthy
• Historic - Modern
• Urban - Rural

Life Stages

• Grow up (in Spain)
• Fall in love (with someone)
• Get married (to someone)
• Leave home / school / university
• To / Degree / Of

Opinion, Belief, and Prediction

• How old do you reckon he is?
• Liam doubts your idea will work.
• Jane estimates she has spent $200.
• On the last question, I guessed the wrong answer.
• We can't predict what will happen next year.

Time Expressions

• I tried to explain... waste of time, they didn't...
• We finished our homework and spent the rest