Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Expressing Purpose: So As To and So That

Practice using connectors of purpose to join sentences effectively.

• 1) She uses a bike instead of a car. She wants to help the environment.
  Answer: She uses a bike instead of a car so as to help the environment.
• 2) I've brought a microphone so the audience will be able to hear us.
  Answer: I've brought a microphone so that the audience will be able to hear us.
• 3) We are going to drive carefully because we don't want to skid on the wet roads.
  Answer: We are going to drive carefully so as not to skid on the wet roads.
• 4) Leave the heating on. That way, the house won't get cold while we are out.
  Answer: Leave the heating on so that the house won't get cold while we are out.
• 5) I need to buy a new alarm clock. Then

Scene 4: Before the Feast

Romeo, Benvolio, Mercutio, and others from the Montague household make their way to the Capulet feast. With their masks concealing their identities, they resolve to stay for just one dance.

Because Romeo continues to be lovesick for Rosaline, Mercutio teases him for being a stereotypical hopeless lover. Mercutio then delivers his highly imaginative Queen Mab speech, in which he describes how the fairy delivers dreams to humans as they sleep.

The scene concludes with Romeo's sense of foreboding regarding the forthcoming evening.

Scene 5: The Capulet Feast

Romeo and his fellow attendees arrive at the Capulet feast. Romeo sees Juliet and falls in love with her instantly. Tybalt recognizes Romeo and sends for his rapier to...

Future Continuous Tense Structure and Usage

The Future Continuous tense is used to describe an ongoing action at a specific time in the future.

• Affirmative (A): Subject + will be + verb (-ing)
• Negative (N): Subject + will not (won't) be + verb (-ing)
• Interrogative (I): Will + Subject + be + verb (-ing)?

Example: (will be singing)

Tense Shifts in Reported Speech

Reporting Imperatives and Orders

Imperative sentences are reported using to or not to + base verb (e.g., He ordered me to sing).

Direct to Reported Tense Conversion

• Present Simple (sing) = Past Simple (sang)
• Present Continuous (is singing) = Past Continuous (was singing)
• Present Perfect (have sung) = Past Perfect (had sung)
• Present Perfect Continuous (have been singing) = Past Perfect Continuous

Ángel González: Life and Poetic Evolution

Biography of Ángel González

Ángel González, a distinguished poet and professor of literature, belonged to the renowned group known as the Generation of '50. His work is characterized by a committed, deeply human poetry, often tinged with subtle irony and humor. Born in Oviedo, Spain, his childhood was profoundly marked by the shadow of the Spanish Civil War and the untimely death of his father when he was barely two years old. He earned a law degree from the University of Oviedo and later studied journalism at the Official School of Journalism in Madrid. González also worked in the Ministry of Public Works, where he served as an official on leave. In his later years, he taught Contemporary Spanish...

A Robe Rouge

"Hey Ben, I heard you! It's been half an hour. Besides, I have a sore throat."
"Sorry, not my fault! There are more people in the metro than usual."
"We see that these are the sales! Let's go fast! Here we go."
"Where are we?"
"But the discount store! There are a few things, and they are super cheap!"
"Have you been there?"
"I just came from there. I tried on a dress that I like, but I would like to show you. I don't dare; I wanted a dress a bit less... And I don't know if it is really my size!"
"Well, I will give you my opinion and you can help me pick my shoes! There is hope!"
"Yes! Both at André and at the other store, they mostly have sizes 37 and 40!"
"Well! I wear a 37! Where is this store?"
"Right next door! Go fast, it will close...

Tuiavii's Observations on the Papalagi (White Men)

This summary presents the key observations made by Tuiavii of Tiavea, a Samoan chief, regarding the customs and lifestyle of the Papalagi (Europeans), highlighting his confusion and critique of Western civilization.

Critiques of Papalagi Customs and Society

• Papalagi Clothing: Covering the "Meat"

  Tuiavii discusses European clothing, expressing confusion over the need for so many layers, which he refers to as "loincloths or mats." He does not understand why the body (the "meat") is considered a sin to expose, necessitating the description and teaching of each article of clothing.

• Stone Baskets and the Papalagi Home

  Tuiavii describes European homes as "stone baskets" or "stone islands." He notes the

The Fundamentals of Journalism and Linguistic Analysis

The news is the journalistic genre par excellence. It is characterized as the objective narration of an actual event that is of interest to many readers.

Key Linguistic Concepts

• Attributive Adjectives: Derived words that indicate the place of origin of someone or something.
• Interjections: Words that are, by themselves, set exclamatives.
• Phrases: A word or group of words that can have different syntactic functions within a sentence.
• Morphological Analysis: The classification of words into classes, also called grammatical categories.
• Parsing: The study of the roles of words in a sentence, specifically syntactic functions such as subject, direct object, attribute, and predicate.
• Noun Phrase (NP):

Modal Verbs and Their Functions

Ability: Can, could, be able to. Permission: Can, could, be able to, be allowed to.

Possibility: May, might, could. Deduction: Must, cannot, and should not (logical deduction).

Obligation: Must, have to. Lack of Obligation: Need not (not needed), do not have to.

Advice and Tips

Ought to, should, should not. Tips: Had better, you had better + infinitive.

Past Modals and Logical Certainty

• Must have + past participle: Logical certainty about the past.
• Cannot have + past participle: Something that could not have occurred in the past.
• Might / May / Could have + past participle: Past possibility.
• Should have + past participle: An action that should have happened but did not (opinion).
• Should not have + past participle: Regret

Literary Analysis of Poems of Castilla

The text belongs to the lyrical subgenre of poetry and is part of the book Campos de Castilla by Antonio Machado, published in 1917. This work embodies the spirit of the Generation of '98.

Core Themes

The primary themes found within the poem include:

• Love
• The Andalusian landscape
• Concern for popular culture
• Existential questions

About the Author: Antonio Machado

Antonio Machado, born in Seville in 1875, is considered one of Spain's most significant poets. Key biographical highlights include his career as a French professor and his marriage at age 34 to 16-year-old Leonor. Her untimely death became the central inspiration for his work, particularly regarding the theme of love. His dedication to the culture of the...

Past Tense Conjugation

Be: I was, you were, he/she was, we were, you were, they were. Have: I had, you had, he/she had, we had, you had, they had. Talk: I spoke, you spoke, he/she spoke, we spoke, you spoke, they spoke. Finish: I finished, you finished, he/she finished, we finished, you finished, they finished. Go: I went, you went, he/she went, we went, you went, they went. Sit: I sat, you sat, he/she sat, we sat, you sat, they sat. Drink: I drank, you drank, he/she drank, we drank, you drank, they drank. Know: I knew, you knew, he/she knew, we knew, you knew, they knew. Drive: I drove, you drove, he/she drove, we drove, you drove, they drove. Believe: I believed, you believed, he/she believed, we believed, you believed, they believed. Assignment: