Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

A

Arise > Arose > Arisen > Surgir, Levantarse
Awake> Awoke > Awoken > Despertarse
Be > Was/Were > Been > Ser / Estar

B

Bear> Bore > Borne/Born > Soportar, dar a luz
Beat> Beat > Beaten > Golpear
Become> Became > Become > Llegar a Ser
Begin> Began > Begun > Empezar
Bend> Bent > Bent > Doblar
Bet> Bet > Bet > Apostar
Bind > Bound > Bound > Atar, encuadernar
Bid > Bid > Bid > Pujar
Bite> Bit > Bitten > Morder
Bleed > Bled > Bled > Sangrar
Blow > Blew > Blown > Soplar
Break > Broke > Broken > Romper
Breed > Bred > Bred > Criar
Bring > Brought > Brought > Traer/Llevar
Broadcast > Broadcast >...

Understanding Verb Complementation Types

Verb complementation describes the grammatical elements that follow a verb to complete its meaning. This document details four primary types: intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, and complex-transitive verbs.

Intransitive Verbs

An intransitive verb does not require any complements. Some verbs are always intransitive, as seen in these examples: John has arrived or Your views do not matter.

Monotransitive Verbs

Monotransitive verbs require a direct object, which can manifest in several forms:

• Noun Phrase: Noun phrases can become the subject of a corresponding passive clause. For example: The problem was understood (by everyone).
• Finite Clause: These include various types:
  • That-clause as Object: Everyone

TEST A

Grammar

1.

1. If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
2. If I pass my exams, I will go to university.
3. I would go running every day if I had more time.
4. I won't go out tonight unless I have no homework.
5. If I lived in a big city, I would be unhappy.

2.

1. Will eat
2. had
3. finish
4. would feel
5. won't arrive

3.

1. I would have taken up basketball earlier if I'd had the chance.
2. She would have finished the race if she had trained more regularly.
3. My friend would have come with me if I had asked him.
4. I wouldn't have been ill if I hadn't eaten that fish.
5. You wouldn't have hurt your back if you hadn't lifted those heavy boxes.

4.

1. If I did sport, I would be fitter.
2. If he had known she was a vegetarian, he wouldn't have cooked a steak.
3. We will miss the bus if we don't hurry

Come together: they meet or join in order to do something.

Writing

The development of technology and communications during the last decade of the 20th century has significantly influenced our lives. It has revolutionized the way we work, learn, and communicate. The internet, in particular, has dramatically changed our lives, bringing both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of Computing

The primary advantage of computing is its ability to provide quick and easy access to information. It also enhances efficiency in various tasks. Furthermore, technology improves the lives of those with limited opportunities and access to education, contributing to the development of underprivileged or isolated regions worldwide.

Disadvantages of Computing

On the other hand, there are disadvantages. The changing world...

Commonly Used Terms

People & Personalities

Badge: Placa, insignia

Flatmate: An associate who shares an apartment with you

Geek: Someone obsessive and boring about a topic

A People Person: Someone who likes being with and works well with other people

Down-to-Earth Person: A realistic person

A Good Laugh: Someone fun to be with

Sympathetic: Someone who understands and wants to help

Naïve: Innocent, unsophisticated, showing lack of worldly knowledge and experience

Genuine: Authentic

Witty: To be quick-thinking and clever with words

Mean: Malicious

Eccentric: A person that is peculiar or odd

Trustworthy: Reliable

Moody: A person who is happy one moment and sad the next, temperamental.

Descriptive Words & Phrases

At First Sight: After a quick look, before...

Modal Verbs

• Express obligation and necessity in the past: had to, needed to
• Say that something happened, but it was not necessary: needn't have taken
• Say that something didn't happen because it wasn't necessary: didn't have to, didn't need to
• Say something was prohibited or not possible: wasn't allowed to, couldn't
• Criticize a past action or say that it was a mistake: should/ ought to, shouldn't have done

Modal Verbs in the Present

• Have to: Obligatory or necessary
• Don't have to: Not obligatory or necessary
• Must: Rules, obligations
• Mustn't: Prohibitions
• Need to: Obligatory or necessary
• Don't need to, needn't: Not obligatory or necessary
• Can't: Deny a permission
• Should, shouldn't, ought to, had better: Recommendations

Modal Verbs for Deduction

• Must: 90% true
• May,

Mr. Lockwood's Arrival

Why did Mr. Lockwood visit Wuthering Heights?

To meet his landlord, Mr. Heathcliff.

How would you describe Mr. Heathcliff?

Angry, moody, intelligent, and wild.

The Second Visit

Who were the people Mr. Lockwood met on his second visit?

Catherine Linton, Hareton Earnshaw, and Joseph.

What was Heathcliff's attitude?

He was impolite to Mr. Lockwood.

A Night at Wuthering Heights

Why couldn't the visitor go back to his home?

Because of the bad weather.

What strange event happened during the night?

Mr. Lockwood saw a ghost at the window.

What was Heathcliff's reaction?

He was fighting with Mr. Lockwood.

Nelly Dean's Story

Who was Nelly Dean?

The servant.

How did Joseph, the servant, treat the boy the first time he saw him?

He treated him badly.

Hindley'

Key Characters in White Fang

White Fang

He is a wolf-dog, with gray hair. He does not relate well with the other dogs due to his wild nature and the harsh treatment he has received. He only truly connects with his last master, Weedon Scott, who treats him well and shows him love.

Weedon Scott

He rescues White Fang from the clutches of death. Fang greatly appreciates him. As White Fang's master, he is the person who knows how to bring out White Fang's positive side.

Castor Gray

He is an Indian. He did not care much for Fang, eventually trading him for bottles of whiskey. He is White Fang's first human master and teaches him many things, often with a stick in his hand.

Beautiful Smith

He was ugly, with a small head, low forehead, and notable width. His...

Present Perfect: Has / Have + Past Participle

The present perfect tense describes actions that happened in the past and have a connection with the present. It is equivalent to the present perfect in Spanish.

• You have seen that movie many times.
• You have not seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?

Examples:

• I have read a book (we usually do not mention the time the action took place).
• This morning I have drunk three coffees. (When used in this case, the present perfect implies that the period of the morning is not over yet).
• I have lived in this city since 1980. (To describe actions that started in the past and have not yet finished).

Common time expressions used with the present perfect include: never, ever, already, just, yet,