Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Employment training and career guidance for University

Term Contracts Under CLT Article 443

The employment contract may be agreed expressly or tacitly, verbally or in writing, for a specified period or indefinitely.

Definition (CLT Art. 443 § 1)

A term employment contract is one whose duration depends on a prefixed term, the performance of specified services, or the completion of a certain event capable of rough estimation.

When Term Contracts Are Valid (CLT Art. 443 § 2)

A term contract is valid only in the following cases:

• Services of a transitory nature that justify predetermining the period;
• Temporary business activities;
• Experience contracts.

Example for temporary business activity: An Easter egg factory can hire employees for a specific period.

Maximum Duration (CLT Art. 445)

The maximum duration...

Initial Device Naming and Setup

1. Set Device Hostnames

Assign unique hostnames to your network devices for easy identification. In this example, we name the switch ALS and the router HQ.

Switch Configuration (ALS)

Switch> enable
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# hostname ALS
ALS(config)#

Router Configuration (HQ)

Router> enable
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# hostname HQ
HQ(config)#

Basic Security Hardening

2. Encrypt Passwords

Use the service password-encryption command to encrypt all plaintext passwords in the running configuration.

ALS(config)# service password-encryption

3. Set a Secure Enable Password

Configure a strong, encrypted password for privileged EXEC mode using enable secret.

ALS(config)# enable secret adap$$1

4.

Workplace Culture

Culture: The way things are done in a particular area, organization, or social class.

Company/Corporate Culture: The way a company operates and the values it holds important.

Canteen Culture: The way people in an organization, such as the police, think and talk, which is not approved by the organization's leaders.

Long-Hours Culture: A culture where people are expected to work long hours each day.

Macho Culture: Ideas typically associated with masculinity.

Communication Styles

Accessible and Approachable: Easy to reach and talk to.

Distant and Remote, Deference: Distant.

Decision-Making: The process of making decisions.

Team of Equals: A team where everyone is considered equal.

Hierarchical: Organized in a hierarchy.

Management Layers:

Administrative Assistant Seeking New Opportunity

Rita Teixeira

Dear Sir/Madam,

I have been developing my professional activity as an Administrative Technician and Secretary with experience in assisting various directions. I possess strong telephone service and personal skills, as well as coordination and support for operational and administrative functions. I also have sound knowledge of IT from a user perspective.

At this point, I am ready to embrace a new professional challenge in the Administrative area. I believe that my experience and my ability in planning and organization, analysis, and rigor will be valuable assets to your company.

The fact that your company is a national reference is also a motivating factor for me to become part of your...

Internal Note: Applicant Information (Top Right)

Name, Street Address, City, 25001, Spain, Date

Internal Note: Company Information (Bottom Left)

Company Name, Contact Person, Street Address, Spain

Professional Job Application Documents

Cover Letter

Section 1: Introduction, Motivation, Interest, Initiative

Dear Mr./Ms. Name,

I am writing to apply for the job position which was advertised last month in the newspaper. Although I am presently employed at (marcA), it has always been my intention to work at Audi. I would particularly welcome the chance to work for your company. I have long admired the quality of your products and services, and your production methods. As you will notice in my enclosed CV, the job you are offering suits my personal and professional...

Key Incoterms and Responsibility Definitions

ExW – Ex Works

The delivery takes place at the seller’s premises. This term represents the minimum obligation for the seller.

• Delivery Location: Seller’s premises.
• Seller's Risk/Cost: The seller will not assume any type of risk.
• Buyer's Risk/Cost: Transport, freight, taxes, and insurance belong entirely to the buyer.
• Governing Law: Laws of the place of the seller’s premises are followed.
• Example: ExW Madrid

FCA – Free Carrier

The seller delivers the goods, prepared for export, to the buyer’s nominated carrier at the specified place. This Incoterm requires specifying the exact location where the delivery will take place.

• Delivery Point: Specified place where the goods are handed to the carrier.
• Cost

Reported Speech: Functions and Tense Changes

1. Reporting Verbs and Functions

The choice of reporting verb depends on the function of the original statement:

• Orders: ordered (followed by infinitive).
• Requests (Peticiones): asked (often used for 'could' or 'please').
• Advice (Consejo): advised (often used for 'should' or 'in my opinion').
• Offers (Ofertas): offered (often used for 'would you like').
• Suggestions (Sugerencias): Use the structure Subject + suggested + V-ing (Used for phrases like 'let's', 'what about', 'why don't we', or 'how about').

2. Tense and Modal Shifts

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, tenses and modals typically shift backward:

Tense Shifts (Direct → Indirect)

• Present Simple (PR.S.) → Past Simple (PS.S.)
• Present

English Tenses: Usage and Structure

Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple

Present Perfect Simple

• Structure: Subject + have/has + (not) + Past Participle. Question: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle.
• Usage:
  • Actions started in the past and continuing now.
  • Finished actions with results relevant to the present.
• Time Markers: Already, since, just, for, yet, lately, ever, never.

Past Simple

• Structure: Subject + Verb + -ed (or irregular form). Negative: Subject + didn't + Verb (infinitive). Question: Did + Subject + Verb (infinitive).
• Usage:
  • Actions finished at a specific moment in the past.
  • Consecutive actions in the past.

Future Tenses

Future Simple (Will)

• Structure: Subject + will (not) + Verb (base form).
• Usage: Predictions, schedules, sudden decisions (e.

Grammar

Present Continuous Tense

I am eating food (yo estoy comiendo)

Are you eating? (estas comiendo)

Stative Verbs

I hate sport (odio los deportes)

Simple Past Tense

He rented a car (el rento un carro)

Simple Past Tense of "to be"

He was tired (el esta cansado)

The party was not good (la fiesta no esta buena)

Sensory Verbs

• Smell (huele)
• Feel (siente)
• Look (ve)
• Taste (sabe)
• Sounds (se oye)

Future "be going to"

We are going to buy a new car (nosotros vamos a comprar un carro nuevo)

Will for Predictions and Immediate Decisions

Will it be windy? (ira a estar vientoso)

Vocabulary

• Frozen = congelado
• Draw = dibujar
• Windy = ventoso
• Coal = carbon
• Rope = cuerda
• Lot of damage = mucho daño
• Self aware = precavido
• Global trade = intercambio global

Conversation

Page 57-20 & Page

Causative Structures

Have something done: Arrange for someone else to do something for you (e.g., She had it repaired).

Get something done: Used with the same meaning as 'have' or to describe something happening to someone (e.g., Have you ever had your bike stolen?).

Verbs Followed by -ing (Gerunds)

Common verbs: enjoy, mind, suggest, stop, finish, postpone, consider, admit, deny, avoid, risk, imagine, fancy, give up, put off, go on, carry on, keep.

• Example: They denied doing anything wrong; I don't fancy going.
• Passive form: Being done/seen/kept (e.g., I don’t mind being kept waiting).
• Finished actions: Having done/stolen (e.g., They admitted stealing the money).

Verbs Followed by the Infinitive (to)

Common verbs: offer, agree, refuse, decide, plan,