Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Air Travel Phrases

White Dwarf Stellar Explosions

Novae: Recurrent Stellar Flares

The hydrogen build-up on the surface of a white dwarf can ignite into an explosive fusion reaction that blows off a shell of gas. Because so little mass is blown off during a nova, the explosion does not disrupt the binary system. Ignition of the infalling hydrogen can recur again with periods ranging from months to thousands of years.

White Dwarf Supernovae (Type Ia)

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar predicted that gravity will overcome the pressure of electron degeneracy if a white dwarf has a mass > 1.4 M_¤. Energetic electrons, which cause this pressure, reach the speed of light. If accretion brings the mass of a white dwarf above the Chandrasekhar limit, electron degeneracy can no...

Explanation

10.1 Pivot tables

What is a pivot table? It is one of the most powerful tools in Excel. They are also called “dynamic” because the data on them can be changed by rearranging or changing the position of the column and row headers in an easy and quick way.

The use of a dynamic table is to obtain information summaries from our data grid in order to be able to quickly analyze big volumes of information. These type of tables can be used in situations such as:

• When you have a table with rows that have different date and you need to organize the information by time periods (month, semester, etc.)
• When you need to change the arrangement in the rows or column cells to show different perspectives from the same data set.

Follow these steps to...

1.1 Democracy in the United States

The United States was a democracy with a two-party political system.

Republican administrations governed the US as a result of the economic prosperity of the 1920s and due to the fear of Communism,...

Line

Line - is a mark on a surface that describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick and thin. Types of line can include actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and contour lines. (note: Ken does not list 'psychic line' - that was a 'new term' to me)

Color

Color - refers to specific hues and has 3 properties, Chroma, Intensity, and Value. The color wheel is a way of showing the chromatic scale in a circle using all the colors made with the primary triad. Complimentary pairs can produce dull and neutral color. Black and white can be added to produce tints (add white), shades (add black), and tones (add gray).

Texture

Texture - is about surface quality either tactile or visual. Texture can be real or implied by different...

Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Types of Sentences with Relative Pronouns

1. Defining Clauses

   These clauses provide essential information and cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. For example: "Ximon is one of the students who got sick."

   In defining clauses, the relative pronoun can be omitted if it is the object of the verb (not the subject).

2. Non-Defining Clauses

   These clauses provide extra information and can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. For example: "Ximon, who got sick, is a good student."

Relative Pronouns and Prepositions

1. Informal Style

   The relative pronoun comes before the preposition. For example: "The person who I spoke to..."

2. Formal Style

   The preposition comes before the relative

English Grammar Guide

Passive Voice

Forming the Passive Voice

The passive voice is formed using the verb "to be" in the appropriate tense, followed by the past participle of the main verb.

• Affirmative: subject + verb "to be" + past participle (e.g., The appointment was canceled by the doctor.)
• Negative: subject + verb "to be" + "not" + past participle (e.g., The appointment wasn't canceled by the patient.)
• Interrogative: verb "to be" + subject + past participle (e.g., Was the appointment canceled by the doctor?)

Changing Sentences to Passive Voice

1. Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Use the correct form of the verb "to be" based on the tense of the active sentence.
3. Change the main verb to its past participle form.

Constructivism in International Relations

Main Scholars

• Alexander Wendt

Origins and Core Tenets

Constructivism emerged in the 1980s as an alternative perspective to neo-realism and neo-liberalism. It posits that International Relations (IR) is a social construction, not an objective discipline. Reality is mutable; there is no material world independent of human perception and cognition (linking to Immanuel Kant's ideas).

Theoretical Stance

• It adopts a critical and normative view of IR.
• It links conceptually with idealism and Marxism.
• It rejects the notion of an external, objective reality as such.
• It specifically rejects the Hobbesian state of nature concept.
• Social phenomena are understood as being humanly and socially constructed.
• It favors a subjective

United Nations

The United Nations, a peace project succeeding the League of Nations, was founded in 1945. Fifty-one original members signed the UN Charter in 1945 or participated in the 1942 San Francisco conference where the Charter was drafted.

Security Council

The UN Security Council has five permanent members: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the USA. Other admitted members must agree to the following terms:

• Be a state
• Be peace-loving
• Accept the obligations
• Be able to fulfill the obligations
• Be willing to fulfill the obligations

The Security Council's main task is to maintain international peace and security. It has 15 total members, including 10 non-permanent members.

Organs

The UN has six main organs, one of which is now non-functional....

Common English Prefixes

General Prefixes: re- (send, start, boot); pre- (view, dict, historic); post- (war, accident); en- (sure, courage, slave); multi- (colored, lingual); anti- (terrorist, hero); bi- (sexual, monthly, annual); uni- (form, fy); co- (author, education); sub- (way, marine); inter- (net, national); ex- (member, president); mis- (understand, behave, read).

Opposite and Negative Prefixes

un- (happy, stoppable, tidy, lucky, important, able); dis- (organized, appear, honest, agree); ir- (responsible, regular, reparable); in- (decisive, correct, capable); il- (logical, legal); im- (possible, pregnable); de- (forestation, frost).

Size and Degree Prefixes

super- (natural, human, market); over- (load, sleep, dose); macro- (concert, economics,...