Spain: From the 1898 Crisis to the Second Republic

History24 May 20262.27 KB

Historical Timeline: 1898 to 1931

1898: Economic, political, and moral crisis.
1902: Alfonso XIII begins his reign.
1909: Defeat at the Barranco del Lobo and the Tragic Week revolt in Barcelona.
1914–1917: World War I period.
1917: Russia withdraws; the U.S. joins the war. The 1917 crisis includes:
- Military: Juntas and the Manifesto of the Boards.
- Political: Regionalist League and the Catalan parliament meeting.
- Social: Widespread unrest.
1920s: Period between the crisis and the Primo de Rivera government. Characterized by clashes between workers and bourgeois entrepreneurs, the rise of parliamentary systems, Marxism-Leninism, fascism, and strong nationalist movements.
1921: Battle of Annual (Morocco).
1921–1930: The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship.
1923: Picasso Report (debated in Parliament); Rivera's manifesto and coup; Stage 1 of the dictatorship (Military Directory).
1927: Total control of the protectorate; peak of the dictator's power. Transition from the Military Directory to the Civil Directory to perpetuate power.
1929: Draft constitution by the National Consultative Assembly; global economic crisis.
1930–1931: Governments of Berenguer and Aznar.
14/04/1931: Proclamation of the Second Republic.

Dictator: A ruler who assumes all state powers without constitutional or legislative control.
Legitimacy: Conformity and compliance with the law.
Parliament: A national or provincial legislative assembly.
Fascism: A nationalistic and totalitarian political system introduced in Italy by Mussolini after WWI. It relies on a powerful state that embodies the spirit of the people. The state is controlled by a single party, exercising authority through violence, repression, propaganda, and system manipulation, centered around a strong leader.