Passive Voice and Reported Speech Grammar Rules
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Passive Voice
| Verb Tense | Active Structure | Passive Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | S + V1 | O + am/is/are + V3 |
| Past Simple | S + V2 | O + was/were + V3 |
| Present Continuous | S + am/is/are + V-ing | O + am/is/are + being + V3 |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | O + was/were + being + V3 |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 | O + have/has + been + V3 |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 | O + had + been + V3 |
| Will Future | S + will + V1 | O + will + be + V3 |
| Be going to | S + am/is/are + going to + V1 | O + am/is/are + going to + be + V3 |
| Future Perfect | S + will + have + V3 | O + will + have + been + V3 |
| Modal Verbs | S + modal + V1 | O + modal + be + V3 |
| Modal Perfect | S + modal + have + V3 | O + modal + have + been + V3 |
The Causative
| Verb Tense | Active Structure | Causative (Have/Get) |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | S + V1 | S + have/get + O + V3 |
| Past Simple | S + V2 | S + had/got + O + V3 |
| Present Continuous | S + am/is/are + V-ing | S + am/is/are having/getting + O + V3 |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | S + was/were having/getting + O + V3 |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 | S + have/has had/got + O + V3 |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 | S + had had/got + O + V3 |
| Future (Will) | S + will + V1 | S + will have/get + O + V3 |
| Be going to | S + am/is/are + going to + V1 | S + am/is/are going to have/get + O + V3 |
| Modal Verbs | S + modal + V1 | S + modal + have/get + O + V3 |
Reported Speech
Tense Changes
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| Present Simple → Past Simple | S + V1 → S + V2 |
| Past Simple → Past Perfect | S + V2 → S + had + V3 |
| Present Continuous → Past Continuous | am/is/are + V-ing → was/were + V-ing |
| Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous | was/were + V-ing → had been + V-ing |
| Present Perfect → Past Perfect | have/has + V3 → had + V3 |
| Will → Would | will + V1 → would + V1 |
| Can → Could | can + V1 → could + V1 |
| May → Might | may + V1 → might + V1 |
| Must → Had to | must + V1 → had to + V1 |
Pronoun Changes
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| I | he / she |
| you | I / we |
| he / she | he / she |
| we | they |
| me | him / her |
| him / her | him / her |
| us | them |
| mine | his / hers |
| yours | mine / ours |
| ours | theirs |
Time and Place Expressions
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| last night | the night before |
| last week | the week before |
| a week ago | a week before |
| in 2 hours | 2 hours later |