Key Motor Learning Models and Theories Explained

Models of Motor Learning

a) Bernstein's Model

Bernstein (1947) defined motor learning as a system composed of the following mechanisms:

• Control Element: Responsible for defining the ideal execution (the "head" of the process).
• Effector: Responsible for driving the action based on environmental conditions and the intended image.
• Receiver: Receives the feedback resulting from the action.
• Comparator: Calculates the difference between the actual result and the expected outcome.
• Encoder/Translator: Responsible for correcting the motion based on the initial mental image.

b) The TOTE Model (Test-Operate-Test-Exit)

• T (Test): The subject forms a mental image of the movement to be performed.
• O (Operate): The plan engine generates a response as similar as possible to the intended image.
• T (Test): The learning result is compared against the initial mental image.
• E (Exit): The end of the learning cycle. Learning is considered optimal when there is congruence between the action performed and the expected motor plan.

c) Adams' Theory

The theory of Adams (1971) is based on the concepts of the perceptual trace and the memory trace:

• Perceptual Trace: Responsible for conveying the image of the movement, its perceived outcome, and making necessary corrections.
• Memory Trace: Responsible for executing the motor movement according to the perceptual trace.

Controlling motion involves comparing and reducing the differences between the perceptual trace and the memory trace.

d) Schmidt's Schema Theory

• Generalized Motor Program: A common command set applied to a family of movements (e.g., basic motor skills like walking, running, or bouncing).
• Motor Schema: Adjustments specific to a generalized motor program.

e) Information Processing Model

Welford (1968) distinguishes three basic mechanisms inherent in driving an action:

1. Perception: Processing information from the environment and the subject's own capabilities.
2. Decision: Determining the most appropriate response.
3. Implementation: Adapting the decision and performing the chosen action.