Essential Machine Tools and Their Industrial Applications

Machining Processes and Machine Tools

In this type of machining, the machine is anchored in a fixed location while the workpiece moves toward the tool to be machined.

Common Machine Tools

Drilling

Drilling allows for the execution of round holes in both metal and non-metal materials. It utilizes a tool called a drill bit, which removes material in the form of chips as it rotates and advances.

• Setting the piece: The center of the hole should be positioned directly below the drill point. To secure the piece to the table, use fixing blocks with locking pliers or clamps.
• Determining revolutions: Before starting, it is necessary to set the required number of revolutions (RPM).

Lathe

A machine tool used to produce parts of revolution, which are components that possess a circular cross-section.

• Principle of operation: The workpiece rotates on an axis while the cutting blade moves longitudinally and transversely with uniform motion. The material is removed as a continuous chip.
• Versatility: A wide diversity of forms can be obtained by using different turning procedures and the appropriate cutting tools.

Planer and Sander

These tools are used for producing flat surfaces on soft materials, especially wood.

• Planer: Features a cylinder connected to a series of blades that remove small chips. The thickness of the cut is adjusted by changing the height of the table. Typically, the tool moves, although the piece may also be fixed.
• Sander: Based on the repeated friction of sandpaper to abrade the surface. It removes material through the release of small chips. Depending on the grit used, it can machine wood, metal, or ceramic.

Milling

Also known as a universal machine tool, it utilizes various cutting tools called milling cutters.

• Ways of working: Chips are removed due to the rotation of the cutter, whose teeth form a circle. The spinning cutter, combined with the linear movement of the piece, produces the cut.
• Diversity of forms: Can produce planned surfaces, T-slots, single grooves, face milling, grooving, dovetail milling, and scraped holes.