English Grammar and Morphology: A Comprehensive Study
English Grammar
Future Tenses
- Will: Subject + will / won't + infinitive
Uses:
- To make a decision at the time of speaking
- Offer (e.g., A: I need help with English; B: I will help you)
- To make a prediction based on a subjective opinion (e.g., It looks like rain; I think they will return)
Common phrases: I think, I hope, I'm afraid, I promise, I expect...
- Going to: Subject + am / is / are + going to + infinitive
Uses:
- Something that is almost certain
- Plans or intentions decided before speaking
- Immediate action with clear evidence
- Present Continuous: Subject + am / is / are + verb-ing
Uses:
- Plans to be carried out with certainty (e.g., On Thursday, February 26th at 10 am, we are going to Barcelona)
Common indicators: Specific details like name, time, place, date...
- Future Continuous: Subject + will / won't + be + verb-ing
Uses:
- Developing action at a specific time in the future (e.g., At 6, I will be studying English)
Common indicators: Later, tonight, tomorrow, soon, next week...
- Future Perfect: Subject + will / won't + have + past participle
Uses:
- Action already completed in the future (e.g., At 6, I will have finished studying English)
Common indicators: By the time, before, by then, by 3:00 AM...
Morphology
Noun Suffixes
- -tion: (determine-determination) = action, resulting state
- -er, -or: (teach-teacher) = person or thing that does something
- -ment: (develop-development) = condition / result
- -ence / -ance: (prefer-preference) = action / result of
Adjective Suffixes
- -able / -ible: (avoid-avoidable) = value / ability
- -ful: (care-careful) = having / giving
- -ive / -ative: (effect-effective) = having the quality of
- -less: (care-careless) = without / missing
- -ous / -eous / -ious: (danger-dangerous) = relating to
- -ed / -ing: (bore-bored/boring) = change to verb adjective
Gerunds and Infinitives
TO + VERB, VERB, VERB + ING
Relative Clauses
- Who: People in the subject
- Whom: People in the object
- Which: Things
- That: People or things
- Whose: Possessive
- When: Time (Note: If there are no commas, 'which' can be replaced by 'that')
- Where: Place
- Why: Reason
Vocabulary
Do
- The shopping
- Business
- The housework
- Homework
- Nothing
- Harm
- Dishes
- A test
- Exercise
- Laundry
- A course
- For a living
- Research
- The best
- Cooking
- Gardening
- His job
Make
- An arrangement
- A choice
- A promise
- A mistake
- An effort
- Money
- A phone call
- Progress
- A decision
- A profit
- Trouble
- The bed
- Peace
- Friends
- A noise
- An agreement
- A reservation
- A complaint
- Your mind up
- Time
- Sure
- Sense
- A difference
- Fun
- A deal
- A meal
- A suggestion
- An excuse
- Love / War
Tense Review
- Present Continuous: S + is / are + verb-ing
- Past Simple: S + verb-ed / 3rd column
- Past Continuous: S + was / were + verb-ing
- Present Perfect: S + have / has + verb-ed / 3rd column
- Past Perfect: S + had + verb-ed / 3rd column
- Future Simple: S + will + infinitive
- Be going to: S + to be + going to + infinitive
- Future Perfect: Will + S + have + verb-ed / 3rd column
- Future Continuous: S + will + be + verb-ing
Conditionals
First Conditional (Real or Possible)
If / Unless + person + present simple + future simple / modal (can, may, etc.) / present tense / imperative
Example: If I can get a ticket, I will come to the match.
Second Conditional (Improbable and Imaginary)
If + past simple + person + modal (would, could, might, etc.) + main verb in base form
Example: If you moved away, you would miss Barcelona.
Example 2 (Advice): I would not do that if I were you.
Third Conditional (Impossible)
If + person + past perfect + modal (could, would, etc.) + have + past participle of main verb
Example: If you had told us, we would have helped you.
Other Elements
- Whether: Used like 'if', for a choice between two things.
- Unless: Replaced by 'if' in the negative.
- Even if: Used for emphasis.
- As long as, Providing / Provided (that): If it satisfies the condition that... or whenever...