Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teacher training

Structure of the CEFRL

The CEFRL is divided into 9 chapters + 4 annexes. Let's see each of them:

• Chapter 1. Aims and objectives according to what the Council of Europe says. Main objective => Plurilingualism.

• Chapter 2. Approach. Communicative competences. Use of language.

• Chapter 3. Common reference levels

• Chapter 4. Use of language and language user.

• Chapter 5. User competences.

• Chapter 6. Teaching-learning process

• Chapter 7. Tasks and roles involved in the teaching-learning process.

• Chapter 8. Linguistic diversification and curriculum

• Chapter 9. Assessment.

• Annex 1. Development of proficiency descriptors.

• Annex 2. Illustrative descriptors (according to the CEFR levels)

• Annex 3. DIALANG scales and project.

• Annex 4. ALTE 'Can Do' statements.

What are

UNIT 1 PRAGAMATICS

INTRODUCTION

• Deixis: Refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information. Pointing via language.

“You’ll to bring this tomorrow because it is not here”

• Referenic. Act by which a speaker uses language to enable a listener to identify something.

• Inference: Additional information used by the listener to connect what is said to what must be MEANI

• Anaphora: Subsequent reference to an already introduced entity

“My brother came to see me. He was furious”

• Supposition: What a speaker assumes is true or known by what he hears

“Your qualified is waiting outside” → You heard a qualified

• Politeness: showing awareness of others' perform fave. Fave = public self-image

  • Fave-threatening

Synonym:

A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another lexeme in the same language. We can distinguish 2 different sub-forms:

• Total synonyms: airman - pilot or car - automobile
• Partial synonyms: car – vehicle

Metaphor:

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them

Ex: 'Life is a journey.'

Differentiation:

The differentiation are the different reading of a sentence that is determined by the context.

Ex: I understand what you have said:

• I see your point.
• I can understand your language.

The Principle of Consistent Interpretation:

At the level of utterance meaning, a composite expression is always interpreted...

Communicative Competence in English

Acquisition, Learning, and Teaching Methods

Communicative competence is the main objective in English language learning. It involves developing several subcompetences:

1. Linguistic: Understanding and using vocabulary, grammar, and syntax.
2. Strategic: Using techniques to overcome language gaps and modify text for audience and purpose. Acquiring conversational fluency.
3. Socio-linguistic: Having knowledge of the social rules of language, non-verbal behaviors, and cultural references.
4. Discourse: Understanding how ideas are connected through patterns of organization, cohesive, and transitional devices.

Block of Contents

1. Oral texts comprehension (Listening).
2. Oral texts production, expression, and interaction (Speaking).
3. Written

Unit 15: Approaches to Language Teaching

What Is an Approach to Language Teaching?

Our view of language and how language learning takes place influences our teaching approach. For example, one view might consider language as a set of grammar rules, learned through study and translation. Another approach might emphasize communication, focusing on fluency through interactive activities.

Comparing Approaches

Perfect Yet/Already

Already se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido como “ya” en español.

Yet es usado para algo que esperábamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como "aún" o "todavía" y en preguntas como "ya". En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta lección, "yet" va al final de la frase.

- I've already drunk three coffees this morning. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

- I’m really hungry. I haven’t eaten yet. (Tengo mucha hambre. Todavía no he comido.)

Present Perfect Progressive

- The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still...

1. We'll have something to eat when we get home

Clear L

Before vowels, in word initial, word medial (leave, let, feel, it, will, you, silly, yellow)

Fully Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in accented syllables PTK + L (play, please, close)

Partially Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in unaccented syllables (butler, antler, clarinet) unvoiced fricatives + L (fling, flow, half)

Dark L

Final position, after vowel (feel, fill, call) after a vowel, before a consonant (help, cold, milk)

R

Final position link with the following word beginning with a vowel (far, way, for, all)

Fully voiced: followed by a vowel (raet, red)

Fully devoiced: accented unvoiced plosives + R (price, cry, try)

Partially devoiced: fricative or voiced plosive (fry, free)

Linking J

/i:, i, ei, ai, oi/ + vowel (enjoy it, me and you)

Linking W

/u, u:, au,...

Degrees

Degree

A degree is a grant given by a school or college, signifying that the beneficiary has successfully completed a course of study.

Doctorate

A doctorate degree is the highest level of academic degree. You can earn a doctorate in almost any subject area. Typically, a doctorate degree takes four years to complete after a bachelor's degree. You can complete it in three years if you already hold a master's degree, with additional full-time study.

Master's Degree

A master's degree is an academic qualification granted at the postgraduate level to individuals who have successfully undergone study demonstrating a high level of expertise in a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

Honours Degree

Most commonly, it is an award given...

Marketing Innovation

Innovation in marketing is critical. Imaginative ideas on strategy exist in many places within a company.

Senior management should identify and encourage fresh ideas from three underrepresented groups: employees with youthful or diverse perspectives, employees far removed from company headquarters, and employees new to the industry. Each group can challenge company orthodoxy and stimulate new ideas.

Scenario analysis: Develop different ideas. “What will we do if it happens?”

Dimensions of Business Innovation

• Offerings (WHAT): Develop innovative new products or services.
• Platform: Use common components or building blocks to create derivative offerings.
• Solutions: Create integrated and customized offerings that solve end-to-