Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Vocational training

Biological Evolution and Stages of Development

Velocity Training Focus by Age

The old school of thought relates velocity training primarily to the development of coordination and strength. Speed training should commence at early ages; the period between 7 and 13 years is considered the most favorable for sensitive work on gestural movement frequency and speed.

• Early Puberty: A temporary drop in performance often occurs due to speed discoordination.
• 15 to 17 Years: This period is adequate for working on specific execution techniques.
• 18 to 23 Years: Displacement speed continues to increase, reaching its maximum.
• 23 to 35 Years: Further performance improvements are possible.

Speed Training Methods: Principles and Recommendations

Effective speed training...

Butterfly and Breaststroke Turns

Getting there: The swimmer must calculate the length of the final strokes to touch the wall with arms almost fully extended.

Turn: The swimmer continues the approach to the wall by flexing the elbows and bringing the legs and feet close to the hips, with feet planted in flexion. One arm separates from the wall to extend in the direction of travel. The other arm remains on the wall, then separates and extends, assisting the rotation about the anteroposterior axis. As the arm extension completes, a recovery motion is made, coinciding with a powerful inhalation. The feet are positioned to touch the wall.

Impulse: The swimmer pushes off the wall with feet, fully aligned and square. The extension of the legs completes...

Stages of Scribbling and Artistic Development

Disordered Scribbling (12 to 18 Months)

At this stage, children can hold an object and produce disordered scribbles. These are lines that make no sense and appear messy. It is an impulsive, rapid, and uncontrolled movement that provides pleasure through the mere activity.

Controlled Scribbling (1 to 5 Years)

Gradually, movement enters the elbow joint, resulting in a swinging scribble known as the sweep. Later, the doodle becomes circular and eventually forms loops. By approximately 2.5 years, the child is capable of drawing independent lines, focusing on the pleasure derived from the movement.

Named Scribbling (3 to 5 Years)

At age 3, children draw doodles and spontaneously give them names. By age 4,...

Nutrients and Their Functions

Nutrients are substances found in food that maintain health and provide the energy necessary to live.

• Carbohydrates: 55% (1g = 4 kcal)
• Proteins: 15%
• Lipids: 30% (1g = 9 kcal)

Calories and Metabolism

A calorie is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C. A kcal is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1°C.

Metabolism refers to the bodily processes through which the body obtains the energy needed for life functions while producing waste products that must be eliminated to prevent health damage.

Energy Balance and BMI

Energy balance involves controlling food intake to ensure it is suitable for the individual. Anamnesis is used to assess weight changes:

• Normal: 20–25
• Overweight:

Depósito Hidráulico

Su misión es almacenar líquido hidráulico para asegurar el abastecimiento, permitir el bombeo y su retorno.

Componentes del Sistema Hidráulico

Fuente de Presión y Bombas

Bombas de caudal constante accionadas mecánicamente.

Regulador de Presión

Asegura una presión regulada para garantizar el funcionamiento del sistema.

Acumulador Principal

Su misión es proporcionar líquido hidráulico rápidamente donde hay demanda del circuito principal.

Válvula de Seguridad

Su misión es dar preferencia de alimentación a los órganos de seguridad vitales.

Función Válvula Seguridad (Pregunta 3)

Funciona para aislar los circuitos de suspensión trasero y delantero de la fuente de presión en caso de fallo. En caso de avería, la válvula...

Selection Cutting by Diameter

This method produces an irregular forest mass. It is often referred to as "diameter selection" rather than a standard harvest.

The process involves cutting individual trees or small groves of mature trees within each stand where it intervenes. At the same time, the intervention is used to relieve, improve, clarify, and restore denser clumps, representing more precise silvicultural work.

While the method is involved in each stand at a time, only one type of silvicultural work is performed within each specific clump:

• Selection regeneration
• Selection intermediate
• Selection release and improvement

This approach serves the dual purpose of regeneration and improvement.

When the headquarters or management area is large enough,...

Theme 3: Communication

Communication is defined as the exchange of information, feelings, and emotions between two or more persons.

Objectives of Effective Communication

1. Promoting and assisting the user in maintaining their health.
2. Encouraging the reduction of anxiety and fear related to the severity of an illness.
3. Contributing to the patient's ability to adapt to and accept their condition.
4. Ensuring the user is satisfied with the care received and maintains faith in health professionals.

Positive Effects of Good Communication

• Decreases isolation: Sharing health status reduces uncertainty and fears.
• Improves adaptation: Increases the ability to accept the illness.
• Enhances collaboration: Encourages the patient to work toward improving their health.
• Boosts

Decreases: concept and types.
Sport = "a physical activity, free, spontaneous, practiced in leisure hours, as recreation, fun and relaxation.
Introduction: benefits of sport.
• The sports practice brings countless benefits to the individual,
Improves quality of life, health and physical fitness, used to discover one's talents and enjoy the success to outdo each day.
· A psychological level, helps to increase self-esteem and facilitating social integration, to create bonds of comradeship and solidarity. Thus, adequate to meet basic needs for growth physically, emotionally and socially.
· We distinguish 4 types of sports, serving the purpose for which practices: competitive sports, adapted sports, leisure and sporting therapeutic sport....

Musculoskeletal System Fundamentals

Mnemonic Rule for Muscle Regions

Neumotecnica Rule: A system for classifying muscle groups based on location and primary action:

• Superior Region:
  • Anterior: Flexors
  • Posterior: Extensors
• Inferior Region:
  • Anterior: Flexors
  • Posterior: Extensors

Lower Limb Musculature

Knee Muscles

Quadriceps Femoris (Extensors):

1. Rectus Femoris (Straight)
2. Vastus Lateralis
3. Vastus Medialis (Vast Interior)
4. Vastus Intermedius (Crural)

Hamstrings (Flexors): Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus.

Ankle and Foot Muscles: Actions and Primary Movers

1. Plantar Flexion (Foot Away):
   • Gastrocnemius (External and Internal Twin)
   • Soleus
2. Dorsiflexion (Foot Up):
   • Tibialis Anterior
   • Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
   • Extensor Digitorum Longus
   • Extensor Hallucis Longus
3. Eversion

What Is Cognitive Development?

Cognitive development encompasses the transformations of thought, reasoning, and stages of intelligence across a person's lifespan as they interact with and adapt to their surrounding environment.

Theories of Cognitive Development

Developmental theories examine how humans acquire new behaviors and identify which factors most favor cognitive growth. Four primary theoretical approaches stand out:

• Psychoanalytic Theory: Defends the view that our behavior is motivated by unconscious mechanisms; that is, all our actions are driven by internal energy.
• Behaviorism: Proposes that development is based on a process of forming increasingly elaborate behaviors, originating from simpler habits. It focuses strictly on clear and