Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Secondary education

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a set of hormonal organs and body tissues that produce and release chemical substances called hormones. Hormones are constituted of amino acids, steroids and cells, specialized in endocrine glands. The endocrine system is the primary chemical communication system that responds to stimuli and regulates various metabolic functions of the body. Its main functions include:

• Controlling the intensity of chemical reactions in cells.
• Transporting substances through cell membranes.
• Regulating the balance (homeostasis) of the body.

Hormones

Hormones are secreted by specialized cells located in certain glands or endocrine glands, or by cells in epithelial tissues and also in interstitial spaces....

Textual Connectors and Their Functions

To enter an item, use connectors such as: main objective, the paper discusses, or on a.... To organize by brand or order distinctions, use phrases like one part of the one side. To emphasize a point, use that is or keep in mind. To provide examples, use for example or such as. To summarize, use in short or globally. Finally, to indicate a conclusion, use finished.

Cohesion and Logical Relationships

• Reason: because, thanks to.
• Consequence: so, therefore.
• Purpose: so that.
• Opposition: instead, on the contrary.
• Objection: even though, despite.

Connectors for Argumentation

Summative Connectors

Use terms like and, equally, and furthermore.

Contrastive Connectors

• Opposition: but, yet, however, on the contrary.
• Concession:

What Is Warming Up?

Warming up involves exercises performed before sports activity to improve performance and reduce the risk of injury.

Aims of Warming Up

• Improve respiratory function.
• Enhance heart and circulatory system function (arteries, veins, capillaries).
• Increase body temperature.
• Prepare muscles and joints for activity.

Phases of Warming Up

A warm-up typically consists of 3 parts:

1. General warm-up exercises (common to any activity).
2. Flexibility exercises.
3. Sport-specific exercises related to the activity you will practice.

What Is Endurance?

Endurance is the physical quality that enables a person to sustain long-term efforts.

Types of Endurance

There are two main types of endurance:

• Aerobic Endurance: Sustaining low-intensity, prolonged exercise performed

Nutrients

Nutrients are small organic and inorganic molecules that make up food. They provide energy and are the building material our cells need to maintain their functions.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide immediate energy to the cell and are involved in the production of metabolic reactions. They form part of plasma membranes.

Sources: sugar, pasta, bread, rice.

Lipids

Lipids provide energy to cells and are stored as reserve energy, making them a complementary source to carbohydrates. They form part of the plasma membrane (phospholipids) and regulate reproductive functions (sexual hormones).

Sources: animal fats, vegetable oils, margarine, peanuts, nuts.

Proteins

Proteins form part of cells. They catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and are involved...

Food Intake and Nutrition

Food intake: An involuntary act consisting of ingesting food, either liquid or solid, raw or cooked.

Nutrition: A set of processes independent of the will through which the body takes in food, digests it, absorbs the nutrients it contains, and transforms them through metabolism.

Balanced diet: A diet that includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and at least 2 liters of water per day.

Genetically Modified Foods

GM foods: Foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering techniques, which are part of biotechnology, consist of introducing into an organism specific genes from another organism by appropriate means.

Additives and Food Production

Additives: Artificial or natural substances...

Defense Mechanisms (Barriers)

Non-Specific Barriers

Cognitive sense: NK cells are not specific and do not discriminate between agents, and they are not pathognomonic. Memory is not needed; they do not recognize antigens and do not get reinforced after the first infection.

The Skin

The skin is both the first barrier: mechanical and chemical. The chemical function of the barrier depends on two glands: sebaceous and sudoriferous. These two secretions give the skin a pH that is slightly acidic, which is very effective against germs. Against any external agent, for example Staphylococci, acne.

Mucosal Membranes

Mucous membranes are soft, highly vascular tissue covering any surface or internal cavity. The mucous secretion prevents the binding of bacteria....

Behavioral and Cognitive Intervention Techniques

Cognitive behavioral techniques focus on changing self-instructions, thoughts, verbalizations and internal processes, as well as the conduct a person displays toward others. Changing these internal instructions can help solve problems and accompany actions. Self-instructions are often given to children who start activities, especially in children with impulsive and hyperactive behaviors, learning difficulties and behaviors that are difficult to control.

Informal Family Support and Caregiving

Informal support is received within the family, where members understand the interactions among themselves and help one another regulate behaviors. Sports activities and the first steps toward an independent...

Digital and Technology Vocabulary

• Access: Sartu, iriki
• Bookmark: Markatu
• Comment: Komentatu
• Edit: Editatu
• Host: Sortu
• Launch: Jaurti
• Log off: Saioa amaitu
• Log on: Saioa hasi
• Network: Sareen bidez kontaktatzea
• Register: Errejistratu
• Respond: Erantzun
• Transfer: Transferitu
• Upload: Igo

Social Etiquette and Behavior

• Appreciation: Apreziatu
• Consideration: Konsideratu
• Diplomacy: Era onean eztabaidatu
• Etiquette: Etiketa
• Interaction: Interaccion
• Netiquette: Amablea
• Politeness: Edukatua izatea
• Rank: Estatus
• Rudeness: Mala educacion
• Tradition: Tradizioa

Health and Physical Conditions

• Aching Muscles: Agujetak
• Allergic Reaction, Broken Leg, Bruised Knee: Moratoia
• Dislocated Shoulder, Itchy Skin: Azkurea
• Sore Back: Bizkarreko mina
• Sprained Wrist: Esguince en la muñeca
• Stiff Neck: Torikulis
• Swollen

Five Health-Related Fitness Components

• Cardiorespiratory Endurance: The ability to persist in a physical activity requiring oxygen for physical exertion without experiencing undue fatigue.
• Muscular Strength: The ability or capacity of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against resistance.
• Muscular Endurance: The ability of muscles to perform or sustain a muscle contraction repeatedly over a period of time.
• Flexibility: The ability to move the joints in your arms, legs, and trunk freely throughout a full, non-restricted, pain-free range of motion.
• Body Composition: The percentage of fat in the body relative to the percentage of all other tissues.

Understanding and Managing Stress Effectively

Stress is a state of material or emotional strain or...