Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Secondary education

Cellular Respiration: Aerobic System

The ATP produced here far exceeds the other pathways. After one cycle, one glucose molecule can yield 36 ATP molecules (give or take a few depending on the fuel source). In the presence of oxygen, the Aerobic System can sustain activity for a long time until other physiological limits are reached. It involves three separate sub-pathways that begin with one glucose molecule.

1. Glycolysis – 1st Sub-Pathway

1st Stage: Glycolysis is the same as the anaerobic lactic system, except that in the presence of oxygen, Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is converted to Acetyl CoA (rather than lactic acid). 2 ATP are produced. Acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), which is a central pathway for the metabolism...

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

Digital Actions and Technology Terms

Browse

To glance at or read parts of a book, magazine, etc., casually.

Charge

To put electrical energy into (a device).

Plug In

Capable of or designed for being connected to an electrical power source by plugging in or inserting.

Press

To push.

Scroll

To move a cursor smoothly, causing new data to replace old data on the monitor.

Stream

In or into operation.

Swipe

To slide (a magnetic card) quickly through an electronic device that reads data.

Switch On

To cause (a device) to operate by or as if by moving a switch, knob, or lever; turn on.

Tap

To strike (the fingers, etc.) upon something, especially with repeated light blows.

Text

To send a text message from a mobile phone.

Update

To bring

Warm-up Essentials

Warming up is part of the initial phase of any PE session. It prepares the body to make an effort, it improves performance, and it helps to prevent possible injuries.

Factors that Must Be Considered

• Age
• The sport or activity
• Personal level
• The time of the day

Types of Warm-ups

• General warm-up
• Specific warm-up
• Preventive warm-up
• Active warm-up

General Characteristics

• Between 10 and 20 minutes
• The rhythm should be progressive
• Adapted to the activity that is going to follow
• Done individually or in pairs
• Equipment can be used

Phases of the Warm-up

• Slow run
• Joint mobility exercises and dynamic stretching
• General exercises
• Specific exercises

Understanding Endurance

Endurance is defined as the capacity that allows us to maintain physical exercise for a...

Player Positions and Roles

The Goalkeeper: Defends the goal, throws the ball out quickly, and guides the team on forming walls.

The Defenders: Typically three or four per team, prevent opponents from overtaking them and getting between them and the goalkeeper. The central defender covers the central area and guards the opposing central striker. Defenders prevent the wings, who are coming in from their side, from entering.

The Midfielders: Attack and defend, constantly moving to distribute the play and link the defense.

The Center Fielders: Organize the attack and must have great physical endurance.

The Wings or Wing Backs: Score or create opportunities to score.

The Center Forward: Must be fast, agile, and skilled at shooting with both feet.

Match

What Is the Object of the Game?

The object of the game is to ground the ball on the opponent's side of the net or to force them to hit the ball out of court. Each time this happens, a point is won.

The Main Rules

Relating to the Position of the Players

The rotation rule balances the strength of the teams: when a team recovers the serve, its members rotate, meaning they occupy the next spot moving in a clockwise direction.

Failure to respect the rotation order is considered a fault. The umpire determines if it was done correctly based on the positions of the players at the beginning of the set.

Relating to the Way the Ball Is Played

The ball can be touched with any part of the body, provided it is not held in any way. Furthermore, hitting the ball...

To increase your training workload, you can achieve this in several ways:

• Lift heavier weights.
• Increase the number of repetitions with the same weight.
• Lift the same weight for the same number of repetitions but decrease the rest time between sets.

Optimizing Your Training: FITT Principle & Recovery

FITT Principle: Type of Exercise

The third component in the FITT principle dictates what type or kind of exercise you should choose to achieve the appropriate training response.

Choosing Resistance Training

The best form of exercise to stress the neuromuscular system is resistance training. However, resistance training does not necessarily mean lifting weights. Resistance bands could be used as an alternative, or perhaps a circuit training session...

The Early Days

Handball is believed to be one of humanity's oldest games. Some historians speculate that it predates soccer since humans have always been better at manipulating objects with their hands than with their feet.

There's strong evidence that the ancient Greeks and Romans played games that could be considered precursors to modern handball. The Greeks' game was called Urania. As depicted in Homer's Odyssey, it employed a ball made out of purple wool. Later, the Romans played Harpaston, in which competitors threw a ball over a line. There is also evidence that games similar to handball were played in Greenland, Egypt, and medieval Europe. One of these sports, played in Germany, was called Fangballspiel, which translates to "catch ball...

FC Porto Official Statement on Security and Ethics

1. SL Benfica has no moral dimension to point out anything regarding the behavior of fans or the organization of games.

2. The club, incidentally, is the common denominator in the following events:

• The death of a spectator in a Cup final in Portugal;
• An attack on a roller hockey team, which left an FC Porto player in a coma;
• A fire in a bus of Porto fans visiting the Pavilhão da Luz;
• The invasion of the field and assault on an assistant referee;
• Connivance and support for unregistered fan groups, which results in fines almost weekly due to the launching of various fireworks;
• The strategic placement of stewards in a tunnel to provoke the opposing team.

3. It makes no sense, therefore, for managers or...

Volleyball Origins

Volleyball was born in the United States in 1985.

Objective

The primary aim of the sport is to successfully throw the ball over the net.

Official Rules

• Teams: Six players per team; contact with the ball can be made with any part of the body.
• Ball Handling: Each team is allowed three touches to return the ball. A single player cannot touch the ball twice consecutively.
• Net Violations: Players cannot touch the net or cross into the opponent's vertical space.
• Net Height:
  • Men: Youth 2.40 m / Senior 2.43 m
  • Women: Youth and Senior 2.24 m
• Ball Specifications: Weight: 250–280g; Circumference: 65–67 cm.
• Rotation: Players rotate positions when the serve changes.
• Scoring: Matches are played as best-of-three games. Each game is won by reaching

What is Strength?

Strength is the capacity to overcome resistance through muscular action.

Types of Strength

• Force-Resistance: Capacity used for multiple repetitions against prolonged resistance. Loads are light/medium.
• Explosive Force: Capacity to overcome a load with muscle contraction velocity. Done in the shortest time possible.
• Maximum Force: Capacity to oppose a maximum load through voluntary muscle contraction. May involve motion or not.

The Locomotor System

The locomotor system is formed by bones, muscles, and joints. Muscles cover bones. They are formed by fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, and myofilaments (actin and myosin). The function of an agonist muscle is to stretch when its antagonist contracts.

Muscle Contractions

Types of Contractions

• Concentric