Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Primary education

English Phonetics: A Comprehensive Guide

Vowels

Vowels are defined as speech sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the mouth. They are characterized by 12 features:

• Direction of the air
• Height of the tongue: high, low, and mid vowels
• Part of the tongue raised: front, central, or back
• Position of the lips: rounded or spread
• Length: short or long

Vowels can be classified as either monophthongs or diphthongs. Monophthongs are single vowel sounds, while diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds that glide together.

Consonants

Consonants are defined as speech sounds produced with a constriction or closure in the vocal tract, obstructing the flow of air. They are characterized by 24 features:

• Vocal cords:

Discuss results of Spiteri et al.

Spiteri found that stronger athletes had faster total time during the COD performance test. Stronger athletes had overall better breaking & propulsive vertical, horizon force, and impulse.

Discuss results of Bloomfield (2007)

Bloomfield showed that there was a larger % improvement with SAQ equipment on many variables compared to w/o SAQ equip train, however there seems to be really no big different improvements when looking at each variable. Suggest that although SAQ equip could be handy, equip training itself cannot be said to be superior compared to no equip training.

What is the refractory period?

Delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli. How soon a person can switch from making a goal-...

Sprint Stride Phases and Ground Contact

Ground Contact (Heel Strike, Amortization, Toe Off)

During ground contact, the foot should strike with weight on the ball of the feet. The strike leg should aggressively straighten down and underneath the body to the ground contact point.

Recovery (Leg Extension, Forward Swing, Foot Descent)

The strike leg should aggressively extend, and the forward swing should follow while the other leg is going through contact. The recovery leg should follow a path straight up toward the buttock, the knee should rise, and the thigh should be parallel to the ground. The foot should drop below the knee, making the knee at a 90-degree angle.

Sprint Acceleration and Maximum Velocity Distances

Many field sport athletes can attain...

1. Flexibility

Flexibility is the physical quality that enables us to perform large-scale movements with any part of our body. It depends on:

• The ability to stretch the muscles
• The ability to move the joints

There are two types of flexibility:

• Dynamic: Exercises performed in motion. The movements should be broad and relaxed.
• Static: Maintaining a stretched position without movement. After taking the position, we should relax, breathe, and maintain that position for a moment.

2. Joints

Joints are connections between two bones that allow relative motion between them. They consist of:

• Articular surfaces of bones: Zones of contact between the bones forming the joint. They are covered with articular cartilage, which prevents chafing and allows slippage of

Knee Anatomy and Common Conditions

Leg Length Discrepancy

• Anatomical (True): Leg length difference from structural changes in the femur or lower leg.
• Functional (Apparent): Legs are equal in length but appear or feel shorter due to muscle imbalance, hip issues, etc.

Q-Angle

• Measured from the ASIS to the patella center, then from the tibial tubercle to the patella center.
• Normal: 10 degrees for males, 15 degrees for females.
• Greater angles may cause patellar tracking issues.

A-Angle

• Patellar orientation to the tibial tubercle.
• Angle >35 degrees may relate to anterior knee pain.

Tibial Torsion

• Rotation of the tibia on the femur.
• Medial: Feet point inward.
• Lateral: Feet point outward excessively.

Patellar Tendon Issues

Patellar Tendinopathy

• Also known as Jumper'

Shoulder Anatomy and Injury Mechanisms

Step Deformity

The distal end of the clavicle lies superior relative to the acromion process. This is a typical sign of an AC (acromioclavicular) sprain or dislocation.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm Explained

This refers to the movement of the scapula relative to the movement of the humerus throughout the full range of abduction. It occurs in distinct phases:

• 0-30 degrees of humeral abduction: No scapular movement (setting phase).
• 30-90 degrees of abduction: 2 degrees of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (2:1 ratio).
• 90-180 degrees of abduction: 1 degree of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (1:1 ratio).

Static Scapular Winging

The medial border of...

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Anatomy of SCI

Shifting and crushing injuries often involve two right angles. White matter, the fluid surrounding the spinal cord, can be pinched, leading to neuron loss. Even after correction, the cord may not fully recover, potentially resulting in loss of function below the injury site. The central canal may be affected. Improvement is possible over time, with the neck being the most susceptible area.

SCI Levels

Neck injuries are more common than thoracic injuries due to the ribs providing additional stability. Cervical injuries (C1-C3) can affect arms, hands, and breathing. C4 injuries impact neck and shoulder movement. C5 injuries limit elbow flexion and shoulder movement. C6 injuries allow wrist extension but limit...

Technical Activities

The technical term comes from the Greek technné, which meant art, craft, method, and technique. We can define it as the ability to modify the environment to one's advantage, which consists of the possession of effective ways to proceed, the possibility of creating, and using tools that construct the action helpers. Animals can build things that seem to be a product of the technique, but in reality, it is limited to fixed patterns of behavior, so they do not have the capacity to refine their constructions, nor to invent and fabricate other devices that work best. Primates only minimally approach the human ability to imagine, build, and use effective tools in the solution of the problems they encounter.

Features

• An adaptation

Origins of Volleyball

• Invented in Holyoke, Massachusetts (1895) by William George Morgan.
• Designed as a team sport without physical contact, necessitating a net in the middle of the court.
• First name: Mintonette (derived from badminton).
• Became an Olympic sport in 1964.
• Incorporated characteristics from handball, tennis, baseball, and basketball.

The Volleyball Court

• Dimensions: 9 by 18 meters.
• Key lines: Centre line, attack line, baseline, and sideline.

Serving Rules and Techniques

• The server must serve from behind the baseline until after contact.
• The ball may be served underhand or overhand.
• The ball must be clearly visible to opponents before the serve.
• The serve must be returned by a bump; setting or attacking the serve is prohibited.

Rotation and Player

Basic Volleyball Rules and Gameplay

Volleyball is a team sport that can be played both outdoors and indoors.

The Game

The ball is put into play through the service, which is not to touch the net but must pass between the rods and fall within the opponent's court. Upon completion of the service, each team can carry out a maximum of three hits. The first is called reception and is usually done with a forearm pass to the setter. The second is the placement, usually making a pass of fingers, and the third is the spike.

It is a foul if the team performs four hits (if the ball touches first on the block, you can still make three hits). Only the team that owns the service can score points. So, if you make a point without having the service, there is a...