Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint that allows a wide range of motion in the upper limb. Here’s a breakdown of its key features:

🦴 Bones Involved

1. Humerus – the upper arm bone; its head forms the "ball."
2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – contains the glenoid cavity, which forms the "socket."
3. Clavicle (collarbone) – indirectly involved, connecting the shoulder to the axial skeleton via the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.

🦾 Movements Allowed

Because it is a ball-and-socket joint, it allows:

• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Medial (internal) and Lateral (external) Rotation
• Circumduction (circular movement)

💪 Muscles Involved

Key muscles acting on the shoulder...

The Invention and Early Spread of Basketball

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Canadian Catholic educator James Naismith. As an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Springfield, Massachusetts, he sought a suitable indoor game for the winter months. The game incorporated elements of American football, soccer, and hockey. Initially, teams had nine players, used a soccer ball, and aimed for wooden baskets fixed to walls. By 1897, five-player teams became standard. The game quickly spread across the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world, enjoyed by both men and women. American soldiers during World War II further popularized the game internationally.

Basketball's Mid-Century Struggle

By the mid-20th...

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Skeletal Systems Quiz

1. Select the wrong answer. (0.5 p)

Which of the following is *not* a function of the cardiovascular system?

• Transport of substances
• Clotting of wounds
• Temperature control

2. The cardiovascular system is made up of three main parts. Select the wrong answer. (0.5 p)

Which of these is *not* a main part of the cardiovascular system?

• The reast (Should be: Heart)
• Blood
• Blood vessels

3. While you are training, your heart beats... Select the right answer. (0.5 p)

(Question needs more context, e.g., "...your heart beats faster or slower?")

4. If you are X years old, what is your maximum heart rate? Select the right answer. (0.5 p)

Example Answer: 220 - 13 = 207 bpm

5. If I use a stopwatch and after 6 seconds

Passing

You must pass the ball backward with both hands. No forward passes are allowed with the hands. If so, a free pass will be awarded to the opposing team at the place where the ball left the player’s hands.

The 'Tackle' (Tag)

A tag refers to the removal of one of the two ribbons placed at both sides of a player (see picture). The only player on the field who can be tagged is the player in possession of the ball. The defender will then hold the ribbon above their head and shout “Tag!” loud and clear for all to hear.

The Free Pass

A free pass is used to start the game (from the center of the field) or to restart it at the place where the ball went out of play or an infringement took place.

What Happens After a Tag?

Both the ball carrier and...

Shoulder Anatomy and Injury Mechanisms

Step Deformity

The distal end of the clavicle lies superior relative to the acromion process. This is a typical sign of an AC (acromioclavicular) sprain or dislocation.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm Explained

This refers to the movement of the scapula relative to the movement of the humerus throughout the full range of abduction. It occurs in distinct phases:

• 0-30 degrees of humeral abduction: No scapular movement (setting phase).
• 30-90 degrees of abduction: 2 degrees of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (2:1 ratio).
• 90-180 degrees of abduction: 1 degree of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (1:1 ratio).

Static Scapular Winging

The medial border of...

Duration of the Match

The match starts with a jump ball between two players. In the second and third quarters, the team that did not get the ball to start the game receives possession. In the fourth quarter, the team that won the opening tip takes possession. The game lasts 40 minutes of real time, divided into four periods of 10 minutes each.

Between each of the periods, there is a rest time: two minutes between the first and second, and between the third and fourth. The break between the second and third quarters lasts 15 minutes. In case of a tie at the end of regulation time, teams will play an overtime extension of five minutes, starting with an initial jump ball.

Rules Relating to Time

• 3 Seconds: No attacker can stay for more than three seconds

Clearly different, with examples, the concepts of sensation and perception. Different types of sensation in terms of modality.

Perception is a more complex process than sensation. Sensation is merely a receptive process, the body's response to a stimulus. Perception is the degree of knowledge and sensory discrimination of those responses.

Through sensations, we get the sensory information needed to make adaptive responses compared to the surrounding world and about ourselves.

Explain the following concepts and/or terms:

Capacity for Symbolic Function: Representing something with symbols. The symbols are analytical and conventional signs.

Object Permanence: Ability to maintain an object in memory even if it is not present.

Synkinesias: Involuntary...

EYE CORRECTION: In your line: horizontal (upward shadows), ascending (lower line of the eye chart x below the natural elongated), descending (ascending lines and shadows and avoid maskara the end of the eyelid) size: large: oscurosbordeando party colors the eye. pekeños: dsde colored the center of the lid until the angle esterno. shape: round: smbra clear inside the eyelid and on the edge osckura extend to the outside. macaroons: deslineador shadows and upward. distance together: ern lightest shade the inside of the eyelid and darker at the outer eye. apart: dark in the inner and outer clear deslineador llgando lengthen the tears and no outside party. Bulging: dark area on the outgoing line k exceeds the external angle. Sunken clear in the...

Muscle Contractility and Mechanism

What is the unit of muscle contractility and how would you explain briefly the mechanism of muscle contraction?

The basic unit of muscle contraction is the sarcomere. It is composed of protein filaments: actin and myosin. Actin filaments are fixed in a longitudinal direction, while myosin filaments are free. During contraction, the length of the actin and myosin filaments does not change. Instead, the sarcomere shortens due to the sliding of the actin filaments over the myosin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. This sliding is driven by the interaction between actin and myosin, which is regulated by calcium ions. Calcium is essential for muscle contraction.

Respiratory Physiology

Explain VO2 max and

Deep Dorsal Forearm Muscles

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Origin: Posterior surface of the radius and the dorsal interosseous membrane.

Insertion: Dorsal base of the first phalanx (proximal phalanx) of the thumb.

Innervation: Radial nerve.

Action: Extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint and radially abducts the wrist.

Relations: It is related to the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis longus. It is covered by the extensor digitorum, and its tendon contributes to the border of the anatomical snuffbox along with the first and second radial wrist extensors.

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Origin: Posterior surface of the ulna, the posterior face of the interosseous membrane, and the intermuscular septum separating it from the posterior ulnar