Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Cellular Respiration: Aerobic System

The ATP produced here far exceeds the other pathways. After one cycle, one glucose molecule can yield 36 ATP molecules (give or take a few depending on the fuel source). In the presence of oxygen, the Aerobic System can sustain activity for a long time until other physiological limits are reached. It involves three separate sub-pathways that begin with one glucose molecule.

1. Glycolysis – 1st Sub-Pathway

1st Stage: Glycolysis is the same as the anaerobic lactic system, except that in the presence of oxygen, Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is converted to Acetyl CoA (rather than lactic acid). 2 ATP are produced. Acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), which is a central pathway for the metabolism...

Training Definition

Training is a process with a time structure that serves to increase physical, psychological, and cognitive performance.

General Objectives of Training

• Utilitarian: Training that focuses on improving physical condition.
• Health: Training that aims to promote growth and maintain health.
• Psychological-social: Training that seeks to improve self-perception and strengthen social bonds.

The Principles of Training

• Individuality and Specificity: Any planning should be adapted to the individual and consider his or her needs, characteristics, and initial capacities.
• Adaptation and Overload: Improve by training more than you normally do. Push yourself; you must work hard.
• Continuity: Maintaining a consistent schedule.
• Progression: Gradually increase

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

Digital Actions and Technology Terms

Browse

To glance at or read parts of a book, magazine, etc., casually.

Charge

To put electrical energy into (a device).

Plug In

Capable of or designed for being connected to an electrical power source by plugging in or inserting.

Press

To push.

Scroll

To move a cursor smoothly, causing new data to replace old data on the monitor.

Stream

In or into operation.

Swipe

To slide (a magnetic card) quickly through an electronic device that reads data.

Switch On

To cause (a device) to operate by or as if by moving a switch, knob, or lever; turn on.

Tap

To strike (the fingers, etc.) upon something, especially with repeated light blows.

Text

To send a text message from a mobile phone.

Update

To bring

Warm-up Essentials

Warming up is part of the initial phase of any PE session. It prepares the body to make an effort, it improves performance, and it helps to prevent possible injuries.

Factors that Must Be Considered

• Age
• The sport or activity
• Personal level
• The time of the day

Types of Warm-ups

• General warm-up
• Specific warm-up
• Preventive warm-up
• Active warm-up

General Characteristics

• Between 10 and 20 minutes
• The rhythm should be progressive
• Adapted to the activity that is going to follow
• Done individually or in pairs
• Equipment can be used

Phases of the Warm-up

• Slow run
• Joint mobility exercises and dynamic stretching
• General exercises
• Specific exercises

Understanding Endurance

Endurance is defined as the capacity that allows us to maintain physical exercise for a...

Definition of Athletic Training

Athletic training is a healthcare profession that collaborates with physicians to optimize activity and participation for patients and clients.

Members of the Sports Medicine Team

• Team Physician: Has the final say in medical decisions.
• Athletic Trainer: Collaborates with physicians and other healthcare professionals to provide care to athletes.
• Physical Therapist: Assists in the rehabilitation of injured athletes.
• Coach: Provides guidance and support to athletes.

Sports Medicine Disciplines

1. Strength & Conditioning: Advises athletes on training and conditioning programs. 2. Exercise Physiologist: Provides input on training techniques, body composition analysis, and nutrition. 3. Nutritionist: Designs special diets...

Player Positions and Roles

The Goalkeeper: Defends the goal, throws the ball out quickly, and guides the team on forming walls.

The Defenders: Typically three or four per team, prevent opponents from overtaking them and getting between them and the goalkeeper. The central defender covers the central area and guards the opposing central striker. Defenders prevent the wings, who are coming in from their side, from entering.

The Midfielders: Attack and defend, constantly moving to distribute the play and link the defense.

The Center Fielders: Organize the attack and must have great physical endurance.

The Wings or Wing Backs: Score or create opportunities to score.

The Center Forward: Must be fast, agile, and skilled at shooting with both feet.

Match

Jesse Owens at Ohio State University

At Ohio State University, Jesse Owens is a student running track, despite being a Black American facing racial discrimination and slurs from white athletes. He attracts the attention of coach Larry Snyder, who believes Jesse has poor posture but significant potential. Snyder recruits him for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. Jesse, who chose the university based on Snyder's reputation, is interested, though hesitant about racial propaganda in Nazi Germany. The U.S. considers boycotting the Olympics due to fears that Black and Jewish athletes may be banned, only agreeing to participate when Nazi official Joseph Goebbels gives personal assurances that there will be no ban and that Nazi propaganda will be controlled....

Rhetorical Schemes of Repetition

• Anaphora (repetition of the same group of words at the beginning of clauses): Exercise builds stamina in young children; exercise builds stamina in teenagers and young adults; exercise builds stamina in older adults and senior citizens.
• Epistrophe (repetition of the same group of words at the end of successive clauses): To become a top-notch player, I thought like an athlete, I trained like an athlete, I ate like an athlete.
• Anadiplosis (repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause): Mental preparation leads to training; training builds muscle tone and coordination; muscle tone and coordination, combined with focused thinking, produce athletic excellence.
• Climax (repetition

Abominable:

Unequivocally detestable.

Acrid:

Strong and sharp, as a taste.

Apex:

The highest point of something.

Assimilating:

To take in information and understand fully.

Blatant:

Without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious.

Clamber:

To climb awkwardly, as if by scrambling.

Clamor:

To utter or proclaim insistently and noisily.

Compelled:

To force or oblige (someone) to do something.

Cordon:

A series of sentinels or posts enclosing some place or thing.

Corpulent:

Excessively fat.

Crestfallen:

Brought low in spirit.

Cynical:

Believing the worst of human nature and motives.

Daunting:

Discouraging through fear.

Demure:

Affectedly shy, especially in a playful or provocative way.

Derisive:

Expressing contempt or ridicule.

Diffident:

Showing modest reserve.

Ebullience:

My Passion for Football

My favorite sport is football. I like to watch it on TV.

Following FC Barcelona and Lionel Messi

I am really keen on the Barça team, and Messi is my favorite football player in the world.

Playing Football Every Weekend

I like to play football, too. I play it every weekend, and I think I'm quite good at it. I play as a forward and score a lot of goals.

Celebrating After the Game

When we finish playing, my friends and I usually go out to celebrate, and we always have a good time.

Football is My Life

I love football! I don't know what I would do without it because I don't like any other sport. Football is my life!