Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Components of Food and Energy

Components of food produce energy for the body to carry out its vital functions.

Carbohydrates

Provide between 50% and 60% of total energy.

Lipids (Fats)

Composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Excessive consumption can cause diseases of the circulatory system. Derived from animal and vegetable sources; affects cholesterol levels.

Proteins

Materials that have unique nitrogen content. Essential for the creation and maintenance of muscle tissue and disease protection. They produce energy but do not contribute significantly to it.

Water

Makes up approximately 60% of the body.

Vitamins

A deficit increases exposure to illnesses. A balanced diet includes all necessary vitamins.

Minerals

Make up 4% of body weight. Intervene in the formation...

Physical Training Methods

Reaction and Speed Training

• Reaction to Different Stimuli

  Consists of moving out as fast as possible from different positions and distances. The shorter the travel distance, the better the reaction rate.

• Multihop Training

  Improves movement speed through small, high-speed jumps.

• Training Method Working with Loads

  Involves traveling a distance while overcoming opposition or resistance that overloads us, thereby improving travel speed.

• Racing Games

  These do not help in improving movement speed; they are known as competitive matches.

Improving Movement Coordination

Improves the performance of various sports techniques.

Athletics Disciplines

Practice Locations

Athletics can be practiced in different places:

• An outdoor stadium
• An indoor

Training Concept

Training is defined by several key characteristics:

• It is a process: It progresses slowly, allowing the body time to improve and adapt.
• It is scientific: It relies on applied knowledge that has been scientifically proven, drawing upon related sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry.
• It is pedagogical: There is a relationship between two persons where the coach transmits knowledge to the trainee.

The primary aims of training are:

• To increase the performance of a person, leveraging the human body's ability to increase its efficiency.
• To improve skills, including physical condition, psychological capacities, technical skills, and tactics.

Foundations of Sport Training

Homeostatic Balance

Homeostatic balance occurs when the...

1. Basketball: Scoring Fundamentals

• Basket Entrance (Layup): Approach the basket and release the ball gently. Use the hand furthest from the defender to protect the ball and create a shield.
• Fundamental Release: Raise the ball in front of your body using a "line release." Progressively extend your legs, arms, wrists, and fingers to create an arc that encourages the ball to drop into the hoop.
• Suspension Release: Similar to the fundamental release, but performed while in the air after a jump.
• Hook Shot: Executed near the basket to avoid defenders. Elevate the ball along the side of your body and use a circular arm motion around the ring while remaining balanced.

2. Handball: Throwing Techniques

• Supported Release: Performed with feet on the ground.

Physical Education Job

Physical Evidence in the 1st and 3rd Evaluation

Resistance

In the first evaluation, I achieved a mark of 8 periods, which was exceeded in the third assessment, reaching 10.5 periods. I believe this improvement is due to my increased physical activity during the course of this year. I usually ride a bike every afternoon I can, and I think that's one reason why I have increased my level of resistance. The test conducted to measure our endurance was a series of periods, which were measured by sounding beeps.

Abdominals

On this test, which involves performing as many sit-ups as possible in a minimal amount of time, I cannot say much because I don't even remember my mark on the first evaluation (17 abdominals). I do not show that...

Volleyball Fundamentals

Game Objective

The primary objective in volleyball is to win three out of five sets to secure the match victory. Teams aim to prevent the opposing team from successfully returning the ball.

Playing Area

A standard volleyball court is rectangular, measuring 18 x 9 meters. It is divided in half by a net, which spans the 9-meter width of the court.

Team Composition

Volleyball teams typically consist of 12 players. Six players start the match on the court, while the remaining players are on the bench. The coach is permitted to make up to six substitutions in each set.

Player Roles

• Defenders (Back-Row Players): Responsible for receiving the serve or spike, they pass the ball to the setter. They primarily operate in court areas 5,

Hominization: Anatomic Changes

• Bipedalism: Climate change forced hominids to migrate to the African savannah, necessitating movement on hind legs. This upright posture allowed for better predator detection and more efficient travel. Bipedalism facilitated the opposability of the thumb, freed the hands, and promoted spinal development, which contributed to brain growth and encephalization.
• Encephalization: The brain increased in size and neural connectivity. Key drivers included tool manufacturing, complex social structures, and dietary shifts. Consuming meat provided the energy required for brain growth, while a genetic mutation led to a reduction in mandible size.
• Shortening of the Hand: The hand became more compact compared to other hominids.

Basic Terminology and Basic Position

Basic terminology and basic position after position. Legs extended and gauntlets. S placed perpendicular to the feet; front foot advancing, armed wing.

Guideline

Guideline: An imaginary line joining the two feet. Forward displacement (moving up to the front):

• 1) Raise the front foot toe (lift the front foot toe) and place it where the sole was previously.
• 2) Second support: the tip (toe) is lifted coinciding with the back foot support.

Background and March

Background: explosive displacement. It is linked to the march; it consists of launching strongly with the front leg. The delayed version is when the extension is performed forcefully after a slight delay.

March and background: Distances used are not large for...

Bones of the Upper Limb

Shoulder Girdle

Clavicle

The clavicle, a long, S-shaped bone, is situated horizontally between the sternum and the scapula. It possesses two curvatures, two surfaces, and two ends.

Scapula

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone located on the posterior aspect of the upper chest. It articulates with the clavicle (acromioclavicular joint) and the humerus (glenohumeral joint).

Arm (Humerus)

The humerus is a long bone with the following features:

• Body: Elongated, almost straight, irregularly cylindrical at the top and triangular prismatic in the lower half. It has three surfaces (internal, external, and posterior) and three edges.
• Upper Extremity: Rounded and smooth articular surface, the head of the humerus,

Volleyball Techniques

• Set Pass: Pase de Dedos
• Forearm Pass: Pase de Antebrazos
• Service: Overhand or Underhand (Saques)
• Spike and Tip: Remate y Dejada
• Block: Bloqueo

Player Positions

The court positions are numbered as follows:

• Front-row: Positions 4 (front-left), 3 (front-centre), and 2 (front-right).
• Back-row: Positions 5 (back-left), 6 (back-centre), and 1 (back-right).

Basic Volleyball Rules

1. Service: The server must not touch the court or the end line during the service.
2. Back-row Attack: A back-row player must not jump in the front-row area to pass the ball toward the opponent's court.
3. Net Violation: Players must not touch the net.
4. Rotational Fault: A fault is committed when the service is not made according to the correct rotational order.
5. Ball In/Out: