Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Basketball Player Positions

1. Point Guard or 'Playmaker'
2. Shooting Guard
3. Small Forward or Forward
4. Power Forward
5. Center

Pivoting Technique

Pivoting, or turning, requires you to keep one foot (your pivot foot) stationary while you turn or spin your body around on the ball of that pivot foot. This allows you to change direction while holding the ball, following specific movement rules.

Shooting Fundamentals

For more potential power when shooting a basketball, slightly bend your knees before the shot. Your dominant hand should grip the ball with fingers spread out, using your fingertips. Your other hand should support the ball on the side.

Executing a Layup

A layup is a two-point shot attempt typically made by leaping from below the hoop, laying the ball up...

Medical Glossary

A

Dizziness - Vertigo

A feeling of being unstable.

Diabetes

Hemoglobin A1C Test - Shows average blood sugar throughout 2 to 3 months.

Discomfort

Hot Flush - A hot sensation.

Excessive Sweating

Hyperhidrosis - Heavy sweating.

H

Hypoglycemia

Low level of sugar in the blood.

M

Muscle Wasting

Loss of tissues in the muscles.

N

Neurological Tests

Romberg Test - Neurological test where the patient is asked to stand with eyes closed.

Pain

Stabbing Pain - Pain like a knife entering the body.

Heart Rate

Tachycardia - Rapidly beating heart.

Tingling

A feeling of pins and needles.

V

Vital Signs

Temperature, respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure.

Breathing

Wheezing - Breathing with difficulty.

I

Inflammation

Inflammatory Burst - A rapid increase in inflammation of a...

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Anatomy of SCI

Shifting and crushing injuries often involve two right angles. White matter, the fluid surrounding the spinal cord, can be pinched, leading to neuron loss. Even after correction, the cord may not fully recover, potentially resulting in loss of function below the injury site. The central canal may be affected. Improvement is possible over time, with the neck being the most susceptible area.

SCI Levels

Neck injuries are more common than thoracic injuries due to the ribs providing additional stability. Cervical injuries (C1-C3) can affect arms, hands, and breathing. C4 injuries impact neck and shoulder movement. C5 injuries limit elbow flexion and shoulder movement. C6 injuries allow wrist extension but limit...

Origins of Volleyball

• Invented in Holyoke, Massachusetts (1895) by William George Morgan.
• Designed as a team sport without physical contact, necessitating a net in the middle of the court.
• First name: Mintonette (derived from badminton).
• Became an Olympic sport in 1964.
• Incorporated characteristics from handball, tennis, baseball, and basketball.

The Volleyball Court

• Dimensions: 9 by 18 meters.
• Key lines: Centre line, attack line, baseline, and sideline.

Serving Rules and Techniques

• The server must serve from behind the baseline until after contact.
• The ball may be served underhand or overhand.
• The ball must be clearly visible to opponents before the serve.
• The serve must be returned by a bump; setting or attacking the serve is prohibited.

Rotation and Player

Basic Volleyball Rules and Gameplay

Volleyball is a team sport that can be played both outdoors and indoors.

The Game

The ball is put into play through the service, which is not to touch the net but must pass between the rods and fall within the opponent's court. Upon completion of the service, each team can carry out a maximum of three hits. The first is called reception and is usually done with a forearm pass to the setter. The second is the placement, usually making a pass of fingers, and the third is the spike.

It is a foul if the team performs four hits (if the ball touches first on the block, you can still make three hits). Only the team that owns the service can score points. So, if you make a point without having the service, there is a...

Methods are systems of actions or sets of activities performed by the teacher and their students. These are planned and organized by the teacher to enable student learning; it is the way to an end.

Methodological Models

Key models include: traditional, scientific systematization, socialization, individualization, current personalization trends, technological models, integrative models, and circular models.

Importance of the Justified Method

The method should be chosen to serve an educational project. It is important to note that a pure method is rarely given in practice.

Key Characteristics (CCT)

• Accommodate psychological and sociological characteristics and the learning pace of students.
• Alignment with the structure of science and the social environment.

Types of Increased Muscle Tone (Hypertonia)

There are several types of increased muscle tone:

• Spasticity (Clasp-Knife Rigidity)

  Characterized by initial high resistance to passive movement, which then suddenly decreases (like opening a clasp knife). This is typical of **pyramidal tract lesions**.

• Plastic Rigidity (Lead-Pipe Stiffness)

  The increased muscle tone is constant and uniform throughout the entire range of passive movement. This is often found in **Parkinson's disease**.

• Cogwheel Rigidity

  Muscular resistance feels like small, successive jerks or jolts during passive movement, often described as if the joint were replaced by a sprocket. This can also be found in **Parkinson's disease**.

Meningeal Signs Examination

The presence of these signs...

Clavicle Fracture Rehabilitation Protocol

Consolidation: 6-12 weeks | Rehabilitation: 10-12 weeks

Treatment: Suburethral support (load distribution for secondary consolidation). Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) using plates and screws for primary consolidation, or needle fixation for secondary consolidation.

Phase 1: Days 1 to 7

• Do not mobilize the extremity.
• Keep the shoulder adducted with internal rotation and the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion.

Phase 2: Weeks 2 to 4

• Maintain shoulder adduction and internal rotation.
• Perform isometric exercises for the deltoid and distal muscles by the 4th week.

Phase 3: Weeks 4 to 6

• Assisted passive movement until week 6.
• Week 5: Soft active movement (maximum 80-degree abduction).
• Pendulum exercises without

Technical Activities

The technical term comes from the Greek technné, which meant art, craft, method, and technique. We can define it as the ability to modify the environment to one's advantage, which consists of the possession of effective ways to proceed, the possibility of creating, and using tools that construct the action helpers. Animals can build things that seem to be a product of the technique, but in reality, it is limited to fixed patterns of behavior, so they do not have the capacity to refine their constructions, nor to invent and fabricate other devices that work best. Primates only minimally approach the human ability to imagine, build, and use effective tools in the solution of the problems they encounter.

Features

• An adaptation