Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for University

The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860

In 1860, Napoleon III opted for free trade by signing the trade treaty between France and Britain known as the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty. This treaty abolished customs duties for imports of raw materials and lowered them for semi-processed or processed goods. It also included a most favored nation clause, whereby if one of the two countries granted tariff advantages to a third country, those same advantages would automatically apply to the other signatory.

Before this treaty, the steel industry was forced to invest heavily in order to cope with competition. Despite these challenges, the French steel industry was strengthened, and its production tripled in just a few years—particularly the production of steel....

The Concept of the State

A state is the set of institutions that organize the life and actions of people who coexist in the same territory, under the same laws and the same power.

Functions of State Power

• Legislative: Establishes laws governing social relations. In democratic countries, these are made in Parliament.
• Judicial: Monitors compliance with laws through the judiciary.
• Security: Responsible for internal order and external safety.
• Foreign Policy: Holds exclusive competence in international relations.
• Economic Management: Levies taxes, regulates business, manages labor markets, and oversees public services (education and health) and infrastructure.

Democratic Political Systems

Democracy is a political system where power resides in the hands of...

Mexican Social and Political Institutions

• SEDESOL: The agency responsible for coordinating social policy actions.
• Popular Health Insurance: Offers public health options to families and citizens.
• World Bank: Its mission is to fight to achieve lasting results.
• Chambanet: A free electronic labor exchange provided by the STPS for all firms.
• CONAFOVI: The body responsible for housing policy in the country.
• DICONSA: Distributes commodities in the market with focus on quantity and quality.
• Rural Financial: Consolidates a system for financing and channeling financial resources.
• INDESOL: Aims to encourage community participation and organization for social development.
• Liconsa: A social company with the mission to provide high-quality milk.

Political History

The Cadiz Constitution (1812) and Early Foundations

In our country, the first Spanish Constitution of Cadiz in 1812 gave great importance to education, believing that freedom and rights were possible through the instruction of the people. Title XII and Articles 366–371 generalized elementary or primary education and attributed public education powers to the state.

Quintana Report (1813)

The Quintana Report (1813) laid the foundations of contemporary education policy, based on four principles:

• Equal rights of citizens to universal education.
• Uniformity of studies (centralized educational system, later decentralized to autonomous regions).
• Free education.
• Individual freedom, giving rise to the right of freedom of teaching and lecturing.

The Moyano

Theoretical Perspectives on State and Society

5. Other theoretical perspectives:

English and Economic Liberalism

English liberalism: Civil society is defined as a confluence of interests among the individuals who form a society. This definition is used to fight against the state, which is presented as a limiter of these interests. Civil society sets the pace, and the state must set the tone to make it possible; otherwise, there is only chaos for no interest. Economic liberalism adopts this definition, replacing the individual with the market. In the Western world, there is a certain fear of political power. In Anglo-Saxon countries, where things are generally going well, people usually ask for less state intervention; however, they do ask for...

Theme 6: Social Policy and Employment

1. Introduction

2. Economy and Employment in Spain

Economy in the 1970s

2.1 Economy and Employment in Spain in the decade of the 70

Current Economy and Employment

2.2 Economy and Employment in Spain are now

Lisbon Treaty Impact

3. Social Policy and Employment in the Lisbon Treaty

Plan E: Economic Stimulation

4. Plan for the Stimulation of the Economy and Jobs (Plan E)

Public Employment Services

5. The Public Employment Services: The National Theme Sis of Employment

National System

5.1 The Public Employment System

Regional Services

5.2 The Public Employment Services of the CCAA

2009 Employment Measures

6. Act March 6, 2009 on Urgent Measures for the Maintenance and Employment Promotion and Protection of the Unemployed (Plan...

Item 13: Action Against Drug Addiction

Prevention and Creating Alternatives to Addiction

• 1. Support for freedom of the people 30
• 2. New patterns of consumption and substance abuse; adapting the welfare system's response to new needs 30
  • 2.1 Changes in consumption patterns and substance abuse 30
  • 2.2 The need to adapt the welfare system 31
• 3. EU action in the fight against drugs
  • A) Information 31
  • B) Demand reduction 31
  • C) Reduction of supply and combating illicit trafficking 31
  • D) International cooperation 31
• 4. Central administration action in drug dependence: National Drugs Strategy 2000/08
  • 4.1 Achievements of the National Drugs Plan 1985 32
  • 4.2 New national drug strategy for 2000/08 32
• 5. Relief and social integration for people with drug dependencies
  • A)

Administrative Structure and Action Plans for Refugees

Bodies Responsible for Refugee Assistance:

• The Interministerial Committee for Asylum and Refugees
• Area Centers and Refugee Programs managed by IMSERSO
• Refugee Reception Centers

IMSERSO Care Program Strands

The IMSERSO develops a comprehensive care program for asylum seekers, refugees, and displaced persons, focusing on the following areas:

• Attention at airports, ports, and border crossings, including emergency housing. IMSERSO operates 4 shelters providing essential social care services.
• Social integration of refugees and displaced persons through community programs (e.g., GEAR and EQUAL).
• Global actions, including publishing, information dissemination, and guidance services.

Fundamental Deficits

COMMUNITY WORK PART, THEIR PROFESSIONAL GOALS AND CHALLENGES

ITEM 1. COMMUNITY WORK AND DEFINITION

1. WORK AS COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PROCESS TO PROMOTE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Community Work understand by type of activity that aims poblaciones.Se organization would be an organizational practice by professionals in the field of social intervention and around certain objectives.
What the Community Work is intended to address the transformation of situations by organizing and collective action asociativa.Se is a task that confronts the challenge to establish and sustain a group (or several) around the development and implementation social development projects.
B. Dumas and M. Séguier differ within the community actions and cross cutting three...

Types of Public Policy

There have been various classifications of public policies, some based on their social and economic impact, including:

• Distributive
• Redistributive
• Anticipatory
• Reactive

The Nature of Innovation in Policy

New governments often seek to introduce initiatives that differ from those of the previous administration. Similarly, a returning government starting a new term may aim to produce a new program. When new governmental structures are configured, such as federal or autonomous systems, innovative public policies also tend to appear.

Innovation, however, is not synonymous with originality. A policy can be innovative by imitating the politics of a neighboring country or a higher-level organization, even if it is not entirely original....