Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

Varieties of Spanish

Northern Range

Hablaba is in the eleventh century, there were two: Navarroaragones and Asturias-Leon.

Southern Varieties

Dialects are: Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Canary Islands.

• Lisp
• Yeismo
• Aspiration of the 's'
• Loss of 'd' between vowels
• Alternation 'l' and 'r'

Bilingual Communities

Catalonia, Balearic Islands, Valencia, Galicia, Basque Country, and parts of Navarre.

Spanish in America

• Phonics: Lisp, yeismo, aspiration of the 's', alternating 'l' and 'r'
• Morphosyntactic: Voseo disappears and you and your substitute for you, diminutives, adverbialization of adjectives
• Lexicons: Accept Spanish words, palabras Indias (Indian words), they use old words of Spanish, using neologisms

Castilian Origin

This is a Romance language, it has its...

-Administrative hierarchy (one others obey commands).
-Separation of management and leadership levels (on the one hand those who manage and those who run the other).
"Separation between the person and office (between the private and public life of the bureaucrat).
-Suitable for fromacion professional tenure.
Within this theory emphasizes the idea that bureaucratic organization is any social organization which has a precise circle members and configured internal differentiation of rational functions. This is done so to achieve the specific purposes for which is targeted. The organizations are housed in buildings constructed for its development and meet the objectives set, mark the inner boundaries. In the architecture of the school organization,...

The Global Reach of the Spanish Language

The Spanish world enjoys unquestionable prestige as a reliable communication tool and an international language. There is an important geographical expansion across Central and South America, the Philippines, the USA, and Africa.

Institutional Support and Expansion

Due to its heterogeneity, the language needs institutions to regulate it. The principal institutions are the RAE (Real Academia Española, founded by Philip V in 1713) and the Cervantes Institute (1991).

Languages in Contact and Bilingualism

When contact languages are spoken in the same territory, various forms of bilingualism emerge:

• Individual Bilingualism: Refers to the speaker who is equally qualified linguistically to speak in two languages.

Consequences of Modernization and Industrialization

Population Dynamics

Growth and population movements occurred in the most developed countries. Transportation facilitated the exchange of people, internal migration, and urban concentration.

Agricultural Modernization in the 19th Century

Throughout the nineteenth century, countries moved away from widespread hunger. This was due to a further increase in production through the exploitation of new lands and increasing productivity. Three factors contributed significantly:

1. Change in the form of property ownership.
2. Fertilization of field soil.
3. Mechanization.

Business and Industrial Production

There was an extraordinary expansion and transformation of business and industrial production.

Item 4: Nations and

The Global Village: Unity and Disparity

The world has become one big market, but this globalization has not led to the disappearance of differences between the countries of the world. Economic realities highlight stark contrasts:

• Rich countries are dominated by the consumer society and economic welfare.
• Poor countries are subject to the consequences of their poverty, including famine and disease.

Negative consequences of technology and economic globalization include people and cultures becoming less differentiated, leading to the rise of cultural hybrids.

The United Nations: Defender of Rights

The UN is an important defender of human and national rights, but this organization has limited power because real decisions are often taken by a powerful...

This photo captures a battalion of thousands of Maori performing the Haka, a traditional dance used before entering battle. Initially, European wars held little interest for them as they seemed inconsequential to their lives. However, their perspective shifted during World War II. They saw participation as a political strategy to claim their independence. The Maori, part of New Zealand, sought respect alongside the Pakeha (non-Maori New Zealanders).

The Maori presence in New Zealand predates the arrival of European explorers, leading to numerous conflicts with white emigrants known as the Land Wars, which spanned many years. World War II presented an opportunity, despite Britain's distance, as they believed it would later benefit their pursuit...

Teamwork: Roles and Responsibilities

Brain

The Brain is the problem-solver and the go-to person for questions. They are the most decisive and intelligent member of the team.

Coordinator

The Coordinator directs the team's workflow, schedules meetings, and divides tasks among groups. They also resolve group dynamic issues and ensure smooth operations.

Resource Investigator

Resource Investigators explore ideas and report their findings from outside the group. They are skilled at establishing external contacts and conducting negotiations.

Impulsor

Impulsors are action-oriented individuals who motivate themselves and others, even in challenging situations. They are quick to find solutions during crises.

Monitor Evaluator

Monitor Evaluators are rational thinkers...

Foundational Political Concepts

Constitution: A set of laws that people have made and agreed upon for government. It enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. It defines the fundamental political principles and establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of a government. By limiting the government's own reach, most constitutions guarantee certain rights to the people.

Bourgeois Revolution: A sudden political change led by the Bourgeoisie that transforms the life of people in a short lapse of time. A society based on the Estates of the Realm gave way to a Liberal Society. In many countries of Europe and America, these social transformations took place from the late 1700s and throughout the 19th century....

Core Political and Governmental Definitions

• Monarchy: A government or state in which the supreme power is held by a monarch, such as a king or queen.
• Republic: A state governed by representatives chosen by citizens through elections.
• Democracy: A form of government in which supreme power rests with the people, exercised directly or through elected agents under a free electoral system.
• Government: The institution or group of people that exercises executive power to govern a town, city, or state.
• Head of State: The chief representative of a country, such as a president or monarch.
• Head of Government: The person who exercises the direction of the executive power, such as a prime minister or president.
• Deputy: A representative of the people in parliament.

1. What changes marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period?

The demographic recovery made that demand increase, there was more land cultivation and greater crop yield. Also, the improvements in shipping growth to trade the Mediterranean Sea, and the production also rose.

2. Improvements in shipping gave rise to trade in the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea. Look at the map of the spice trade, one of the most important trade routes during the 15th century, and try to describe its information. You should use your book to look for more details.

They used this route to interchange eastern spices, such as cinnamon, nutmeg, and pepper, which were used to preserve food and considered prized ingredients in...