Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

Industrial Society: Classes Emerge

The old estate society gave way to class society, mainly structured into two main groups: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

The Rise of the Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie became the hegemonic group, owning the industries and businesses. There was a large middle class composed of bankers, investors, and owners. There was also a semi-liberal bourgeoisie made up of professionals, officials, and traders. Below this, a large number of employees and shopkeepers formed the petty bourgeoisie.

Sometimes mixing with the old nobility, the bourgeoisie became the center of social life. Richly decorating their homes with domestic servants, their dress, entertainment, and values were imposed as the social model to imitate.

The

Literary Texts

• Mastery of poetics
• Innovative character
• Realization process (Never exactly reflects the outside world)
• Connotation and polysemy (Words take on particular contextual meaning)
• Appellative structure

Scientific Texts

• Objectivity
• Universality (Affirming truths for all phenomena: past, present, and future)
• Precision and clarity
• Cryptic character (Vocabulary available only to a privileged few, see points 1, 2, 3)

Legal Texts

• Imperative nature
• Predominance of appellative and expository functions
• Reference to other texts
• Necessarily written
• Conservative language
• Tendency towards objectivity
• Seeks precision and clarity

Advertising Texts

• Internal unity of image-text (topic)
• Brevity and condensation
• Structure: Headline (hook) - Body (product description and arguments)

Red Flag Laws

• According to Joseph Blocher and Jacob D. Charles, legal professors at Duke University and Pepperdine Caruso Law School, respectively, “extreme risk laws provide a way for guns to be quickly and temporarily taken away from a person who does not necessarily fit into a prohibited class but is at risk of harming themselves or others.” Thus, this solution does not profile specific groups but collects information to ascertain individuals' ability to bear arms.

Implications

• Combining a national ERPO and a gun safety course can help reduce teen mortality rates and improve gun reform.

• The implementation of our solution will subsequently elicit a more knowledgeable understanding of gun violence, causing a decrease in school shootings.

• According

Democratic States

• Universal suffrage: All citizens are equal before the law and possess the right to vote.
• Republics: The head of state is elected by the citizens.
• Democratic Monarchies: The head of state is hereditary, exercised by a King or Queen.
• Nation: A community of people who share a language, culture, and history.
• State: An organized community living within defined borders under a unified political system and government.

The Political Organization of Spain

The political system in Spain is regulated by the Spanish Constitution, which was ratified by the people in a referendum on 6 December 1978. The Spanish State is a parliamentary monarchy, in which the King or Queen serves as the head of state.

The European Union

The European Union (EU) is...

The United Kingdom: A Hybrid Governance Model

1. United Kingdom

• Hybrid between both models.
• All nations joined together in 1707 through the Act of Union.
• Devolution (1999): The central government granted legislative and political power to the three nations.
• The three nations established individual parliaments for their respective territories.

National Level

• Unitary state structure.
• Head of Government (HoG): Prime Minister; Head of State (HoS): Queen Elizabeth II.
• UK Cabinet: Comprised of 25 senior ministers, each assisted by a secretary of state (junior ministers) who operate with significant independence.
• Increased powers granted to Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

Regional Level

• Since 1999, the UK government devolved political power to the nations.

Diversity in County Government Structures

Historically, states created counties as their administrative arms, which is why counties are often described as legal subdivisions of the state. However, terminology varies:

• In Louisiana, counties are called “parishes.”
• In Alaska, counties are called “boroughs.”

Types of Municipal Charters

Municipalities operate under various types of charters:

• Special Act Charters
• General Act Charters
• Optional Charters
• Home Rule Charters

Models of City Government

Commission Model:

This model gives both legislative and executive powers to a small body, usually consisting of five members. The board of commissioners is directly responsible for the operation of city departments and agencies.

Council-Manager Model:

The council

Political Philosophy and the Enlightenment

• Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher; social contract theory and equality in society.
• John Locke: Natural rights (Life, Liberty, Property).
• Voltaire: Advocate for freedom of religion and civil rights.
• Montesquieu: Separation of powers and checks and balances.
• Beccaria: Italian criminologist; opponent of torture.
• Montaigne: French writer; focused on the meaning of life through essays.

Economic Principles

• Adam Smith: Author of The Wealth of Nations.
• Self-Interest: Individuals working for their own benefit.
• Competition: Market force that improves product quality and pricing.
• Supply and Demand: High supply lowers prices; low supply raises prices.
• Capitalism: Economic system supporting a competitive business environment.

What Was the Reign of Terror?

It was a bloody period of the French Revolution during which the government executed thousands of its opponents and others at the guillotine.

Who Was Napoleon Bonaparte?

Use your own words.

What Was the Industrial Revolution?

It was the period of rapid growth in machine-made goods.

What Were Great Britain's Resources During the Industrial Revolution?

These resources included labor, raw materials, and money to invest.

What Was Capitalism?

In this system, individuals own most businesses and resources. People invest money in businesses in the hope of making a profit.

Types of War

War of Total Mobilization

This type of war uses all human, economic, and military resources to fight and seek complete victory over the enemy.

War of

Progressive Era Goals

Five primary goals sought during this era:

1. Spread democracy across the U.S. and globally.
2. Limit the power of big business.
3. Bring about better government structures.
4. Government intervention to aid the poor.
5. Increase government regulation across industries.

Theodore Roosevelt's Achievements

Despite early health struggles with asthma, Theodore Roosevelt overcame obstacles to become Governor and later President. Key accomplishments include:

• Establishing national parks and wildlife preserves.
• Enacting the Pure Food & Drug Act.
• Limiting the power of large corporations.

Eight Major Antebellum Events

These events significantly shaped the path to the Civil War:

1. The Compromise of 1850
2. Uncle Tom's Cabin
3. Dred Scott v. Sandford
4. The Kansas-Nebraska

US Measures Violating Human Rights and Security

These measures are affecting international security and violate fundamental human rights. The consequences include:

• Violation of the right to free movement.
• Violation of the right to life.
• Violation of the right to Due Process and Equal Protection.
• Violation of the right to non-discrimination.
• Violation of freedom of religion, among others.

A key example is the effective ban on entry into the United States for persons from Muslim-majority nations. More than 100,000 people are suffering serious consequences due to this decision.

Justification for Denying Entry to Foreigners

According to Dan McLaughlin in the National Review, "Foreigners have no right under our Constitution to demand entry into the United...