Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Baccalaureate

The Thought of Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva. His ideals sometimes clashed with the Enlightenment. He lived much in Paris where he won contests, spread Enlightenment philosophy, and wrote several works. One of them, Emile, was condemned by censorship, and its author (Rousseau) was sought, leading him to flee to England where he found refuge.

The two fundamental aspects of Rousseau's thought are:

• A negative consideration of culture and the humanities, as well as civilization and all its products.
• A positive reflection on politics and governments.

His central contribution to political thought is the concept of the general will.

Critique of Civilization and Society

Human nature is good, but civilization and culture have corrupted...

Miguel Hernández: Social and Political Engagement

Miguel Hernández was born in 1910 into a modest family of farmers in Orihuela, Alicante. It was an agricultural community, characterized by a religious, cacique, and unchanging atmosphere. Some of his main patrons and friends of the time belonged to this conservative Catholic circle. This is why, in his first stage, Hernández adopted a position of religious and socio-political conservatism.

Early Works and Conservative Roots

His first published play was a sacramental titled "Quién te ha visto y quién te ve y sombra de lo que eras" (1933), which condemned revolutionary peasants and criticized the positions of communist labor unions and anarchists.

The Transition in Madrid

When Miguel Hernández...

Language Families: Origins and Global Spread

Languages that share a common origin belong to the same linguistic family and are considered siblings. The source language is called a mother tongue (e.g., Latin for Romance languages). All Iberian Romance languages, except Basque, derive from Latin.

According to linguistic proximity, Galician is the closest language to Portuguese.

Latin belongs to the Indo-European family. Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, Slavic, and Greek languages are also of Indo-European origin. Some Indo-European languages spread overseas due to colonialism.

Mandarin Chinese has the most speakers globally. Due to its former colonial empire, Portuguese spread to various regions worldwide. Today, it is spoken by around 200 million people...

Preparation of Standard Historical Perspective

The normalization of a language is a costly process. The first step involves fixing spelling, choosing a standard variety, and preparing dictionaries and grammars. No Galician dictionaries and grammars appear from 1860. However, in the twentieth century, proposals for common standards began to emerge. A clear example is Some Rules for the Unification of the Galician Language, published in 1933 by the Seminar of Galician Studies, followed by the publication of Standards for the Unification of the Galician Language in 1936.

Later, in the 1970s, the Royal Galician Academy (RAG) produced its first results in the standardization process: a Standard Galician Language (1970) and Rules of Spelling and Morphology

Alexis de Tocqueville and the American Experience

In May 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville landed on the shores of North America to understand the power of this new American society. After his journey, he wrote a seminal book called Democracy in America, describing this unique society.

Equality of Opportunity and Social Democracy

American society was marked by conditions of equality among men, establishing a social democracy. This was not an equality of material conditions—as the society was clearly divided into rich and poor—but rather an equality of opportunities, ensuring that everyone could enjoy the same kinds of goods that any other enjoyed.

The Rise of Individualism

This equality had the distinct effect of fostering individualism. It offered...

Anarchism: Ideology and Conflict with Marxism

Unlike Marxism, Anarchism is not a single comprehensive theory but a political philosophy with many variations depending on the author. However, common ideas include the aspiration to a stateless society without government, rejecting any form of power. Anarchist struggle focuses on dismantling any manifestation of power.

The friction between anarchists and Marxists stems from two key differences:

• Objectives: Anarchists seek the immediate abolition of the State.
• Strategy: Anarchists reject the formation of workers' political parties.

Development of the Worker Movement: First Third of the Twentieth Century

During the Restoration period, the working classes noted a significant disparity between their large...

Linguistic and Philosophical Concepts

Core Linguistic Terms

• Morphology: The branch of linguistics that studies the inflection, derivation, and composition of words.
• Syntax: The branch of grammar that studies how words are combined and related to form larger sequences, clauses, and sentences, including their roles within these structures.
• Pragmatics: The discipline that studies language in its relationship with users, the circumstances of the context, and the communicative act.
• Semantics: The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of linguistic signs and their combinations from a synchronic or diachronic perspective.
• Phonology: A branch of linguistics that studies phonemes.
• Phoneme: Each minimal phonological unit in a language system that can

Key Historical Terms

Definitions: T7

• Music Economics: The Carlists pay a certain amount that would be collected by the provincial councils.
• Zanjón Peace: Spain promised Cuba a broad amnesty, the abolition of slavery, and political and administrative reforms.
• Electoral Fraud: Cheating coalitions, manipulations, and falsifications of the electoral census records.
• Peace of Paris: Spain ceded Cuba, and Jalal sold in Germany to the U.S. and the Pacific Marianas and the Carolines.
• Closure Cases: Boycott of the taxes imposed by Villaverde.

T8

• Federal Tortosa Pact: The federal Crown of Aragon wanted a federal state.
• Greuges Memorial: Unit of Catalan political manifesto.

T9

• Liga Agraria: Cerealistics Owners Association to act as a pressure group to achieve a

Scientific & Technical Language: Key Concepts

Understanding Terminologies

Terminologies are sets of voices characteristic of certain specialized scientific or technical disciplines. They are characterized by objectivity, accuracy, and stability, characteristic of their own voices, called technicalities.

Defining Technicalities

Technicalities are formed through referral procedures, the composition of Greco-Latin root words, abbreviations, acronyms, shortenings, lexical and semantic loans, changes in word meaning through metaphor or metonymy, and the invention of new words.

Elements of Scientific Discourse

The scientific discourse schema is an explanatory model for problem-solving. It often includes descriptive, narrative, sequential, prescriptive...

1. Late 19th-Century Basque Language Movements

In the north, poetry and journalism flourished. In the south, the Basque Country faced the industrial revolution, leading to significant socio-political shifts and renewed efforts to preserve the Basque language.

2. Addressing Gaps in Modern Basque Literature

Significant gaps existed in Basque society regarding modern literature, particularly in education and culture. Three primary areas of focus included:

• Standardization of Basque education
• Establishment of a Basque public university
• Development of a comprehensive school system

3. Contributions of Jose Manterola

Jose Manterola authored various essays and poems, alongside short stories and critical commentaries.

4. Notable Writers of the Period

Three writers...