Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Religion for Secondary education

Stages of Human Development

When life begins:

• Fertilization
• Nesting: 3 or 4 days later
• Organogenesis or cerebral cortex: Second month
• Relatedness: If accepted
• Fetal life: When the fetus can survive outside the womb

Types of Induced Abortion

• Therapeutic abortion: When pregnancy seriously endangers the life or health of the mother.
• Eugenic abortion: When the fetus is expected to have a congenital anomaly or serious malformation.
• Psycho-social abortion: When the continuation of pregnancy creates serious psychological, human, or social burdens for the mother (e.g., economic problems, lack of support, single motherhood).
• Ethical abortion: When the pregnancy is the result of a criminal act, such as rape or incest.

Legislation Regarding Induced Abortion

• Illegal:

Religious Orders in the Middle Ages

Religious life was initially characterized by the Order of Cluny, which sought greater perfection and an end to lay investiture. Subsequently, the Cistercian Order emerged, focusing on a simpler life dedicated to spiritual pursuits. Later, the Franciscans and Dominicans were founded, mingling with the populace to preach and address heresy.

The Crusades: Origins and Impact

The Crusades were undertaken by the Church in response to the inability of pilgrims to visit holy sites related to the resurrection of Jesus Christ, as the Turks had taken possession of Palestine. There were nine Crusades in total. While they failed to meet their primary goals, they brought significant consequences for Europe:

• Feudal Decline:

Humanism in the 15th and 16th Centuries

Humanism (XV-XVI centuries) emerged in Italy and Europe based on several key principles:

• Man is the center of the universe: Capable of thinking and discovering the world, and therefore free.
• Study of Antiquity: Scholars began to study the texts and writings of classical antiquity, such as the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Aristotle and Plato).
• Invention of the Printing Press: Developed by Johannes Gutenberg, this allowed a great number of works to be published and disseminated.
• Scientific Progress: Many advances were developed in geography, astronomy, zoology, botany, and anatomy.
• Academies and Universities: Representative centers of Humanism spread across Europe, including Bologna, Oxford, and Florence.

The Religious

Universal Moral Values in World Religions

DBEN solutions seem fair and impartial to a reasonable observer. Q-values and norms are proposed to be universalizable across both religion and ethics. While they may differ significantly, we must consider the moral question of whether major religions share common moral points.

Major Religions and Shared Ethics

The major religions include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. These great religions share common moral elements, for example:

• The Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
• The recognition of inherent human dignity, often referred to as basic human rights.

Material vs. Formal Ethics

Material Ethics

Material ethics proposes that a supreme good or happiness exists...

Origins and Core Beliefs

Christianity is a religion founded by Jesus of Nazareth, who preached in Judea with his apostles from AD 30 onwards. Jesus was crucified under Pontius Pilate's rule in Jerusalem.

Christianity's main pillars are collected in the Gospels (St. John, St. Matthew, St. Luke, and St. Mark). It is a monotheistic religion, believing in one God with three forms: God the Father, Jesus Christ (God the Son), and the Holy Spirit. Core tenets include the promise of eternal life in the Kingdom of God for those who follow Christian laws, and the emphasis on love and forgiveness as the basis of human relationships.

Early Christian Communities and Expansion

The first Christian communities were organized by Jesus' apostles:

• St. Paul extended

Immanent Divine Presence

• Describes the divine as existing within and extending into all parts of the creative universe.
• In Buddhism and Hinduism, practitioners believe they can achieve unity with their supernatural being.
• Buddhists strive to follow Buddha's teachings to attain personal enlightenment (Nirvana), which liberates them from the world of pain and suffering.

Transcendent Divine Nature

• Embraces the ideology of a divine power existing beyond human capabilities and experiences.
• Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are considered transcendent religions.
• Jews believe that God is eternal, has always existed, and always will. God has provided laws for Jews to observe, which are found in the Tanakh.
• Adherence to God's instructions is seen as an expression

Biblical Divisions

The Pentateuch (The Law)

• Genesis
• Exodus
• Leviticus
• Numbers
• Deuteronomy

Wisdom Literature

• Job
• Psalms
• Proverbs
• Ecclesiastes
• Song of Songs (or Song of Solomon)

Major Prophets

• Isaiah
• Jeremiah
• Lamentations
• Ezekiel
• Daniel

Key Biblical Concepts

Prophecy

Foretelling the future through words.

Typology

Foretelling the future through things or events.

The Six C's of Biblical History

1. Creation
2. Covenant
3. Comeback
4. Christ
5. Church
6. Consummation

The Book of Genesis

Creation

The six days of creation:

1. Light
2. Sea & Sky
3. Dry Land & Plants
4. Sun, Stars, & Moon
5. Birds & Sea Creatures
6. Land Animals & Man

Image of God: Holiness

The Flood Narrative

• Duration: 40 days and 40 nights (rain) / 1 year and 1 day (total duration in the ark).
• Reason: God saw the great evil that existed on

Key Terms in Catholic Moral Teaching

• Human Dignity: The value and worth that we share because God created us in His image and likeness.
• Modesty: The virtue by which we think, speak, act, and dress in ways that show respect for ourselves and others.
• Chastity: The virtue by which we use our human sexuality in a responsible and faithful way.
• Moral Decision Making: The process by which we make choices between right and wrong, good and evil, eternal life and sin; for any act to be morally good, its object (nature), intention (purpose), and circumstances (consequences or results) must all be good.
• Natural Law: The law of God within us, which is known by human reason.
• Justice: Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs; a

Christian Moral Perspectives on Life and Society