Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for University

Scope and Limits of Corpus Formation

Formation of a shared corpus by psychologists: selection and hierarchy of criteria according to the public. Theoretical and methodological explanations advance in a clear direction.

Limits:

• Generally qualitative
• Primarily fit-adaptive systems assessed by the extent to which they describe and explain behavior

The Experimental Method in Psychology

Aims to discover the effects of one variable on another.

• Dependent variables: Observed behavior or effect.
• Independent variables: The treatment manipulated by the researcher.

Beginning with a scientifically solvable problem, a hypothesis is proposed and empirically verified (numerically). During the experiment, data collection is performed using measuring instruments.

Limitations:

Obsessional Neurosis

Obsessive Character

• Organization of Personality Pathology: Marked by particular mental fatigue at symptomatic and psychological levels. This state is often associated with feeling mentally drained and ineffective in practical matters.
• Compulsive System: Essential for controlling anxiety, often manifesting through thoughts resembling magical rites.
• Behavioral Traits: Exhibits traits of anal-retentive regression and egotistical behavior. There is often a fondness for order, such as libraries, yet they react strongly to disorder, leading to tendencies toward sorting, cleaning, and maintaining propriety.

Apparent Symptoms

• Obsessions: Involuntary emergence of anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that are pathogenic to the self.
• Identical

Qualitative Research for Social Work

Qualitative Research: Special Features (p. 1)

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

• Overall Concept of Research (pp. 1-2)
• Researcher-Researched Relationship (p. 2)
• Samples (p. 2)
• Fieldwork (p. 2)
• Data Analysis (p. 2)
• Weaknesses of Qualitative Research (p. 2)

Traditions in Qualitative Research (p. 2)

• Symbolic Interactionism (p. 3)
• Ethnomethodology (pp. 3-4)
• Structuralism (p. 4)

The Contribution of Goffman (p. 4)

Qualitative Research and Social Work (pp. 4-6)

Participant Observation

Participant Observation in Research Practices (p. 7)

• Definition and Genesis of Participant Observation (pp. 7-8)
• Reflections on Participant Observation Characteristics (pp. 8-9)

Observational Research Designs (p. 9)

• Selection of Scenarios (pp. 10-

Poll and Survey Participant Feedback

The aim of the survey participant is not to get statistical data representative of the population but to induce the participation of stakeholders at all stages of the process of conducting the survey. The aim is for participants to identify their problems while conducting practice. The self-test phase concludes with the formulation of a document negotiated with the first report.

Techniques and Tools for Negotiated Programming

In the negotiated planning phase, fieldwork is conducted, the information gathered is analyzed, and the second and final report is produced. Practices can be divided into two blocks depending on whether the goal is to gather information or process it:

• a) Collection of information: This

Negotiated Project Planning

Negotiated planning of the project is the most reflective investigation. Researchers are devoted to fieldwork, and participants begin a process of reflection and joint negotiations on the analysis results obtained. The activity for discussion and exchange among participants is the basis on which to perform the recognition of the problems and their dimensions, leading to the negotiation of activities to solve the problems.

The researcher synthesizes, losing their role, and becomes a whistleblower regarding the real ceilings (financial and temporal) of the project to specify the activities that will provide the transformation. It is a unique moment for the participants. The documents produced are:

• a) Comprehensive Action

Medieval Art and Religious Expression

Medieval art is characterized by its irrational traits, emphasizing art as the primary form of religious expression during that era. It serves as a reflection of both religion and daily life.

Gender and Social Identity

Gender: A set of specific characteristics that identify the feminine and masculine. It relates to behaviors, roles, and attributes assigned by culture to women and men.

Gender Identity: A set of characteristics, mandates, and social valuations.

Autonomy: The development of actions ensuring women have the same opportunities for self-determination and control over their lives as men, regarding physical, economic, political, social, and cultural autonomy.

Perspectives on Death

Objective View: A biological...

Psychology: Cognitive and Developmental Processes

Psychology 3

Memory Alterations in Aging

When memory alterations occur in old age, there are three factors that explain them. What are these factors? The three factors are: environmental variables, biological factors, and deficits in information processing.

Normative vs. Quasi-Normative Changes

What is the difference between normative and quasi-normative change? Normative rules apply to all human beings. Changes may also be quasi-normative, which refer to evolutionary transitions and developmental processes related to specific contents.

Factors Influencing Attachment Development

There are four major factors influencing the formation of attachment:

• Characteristics of the attachment figure.
• Institutionalization

2. Group Dynamics and Sex Differences

Motor skills improve with age, with children responding positively to friends and peers around age 7. Motor and gestural competition influences group position. Some societies emphasize male motor energy, while others highlight female aesthetic and rhythmic movement. Although attitudes are changing, progress is slow.

3. School, Media, and Motor Development

School materials should not allow motor development to occur randomly. Younger children should receive varied and diverse opportunities. Mass media, especially TV, greatly influence young people through vicarious learning. The ability to explore space and materials impacts motor skills. Materials with changeable characteristics encourage diverse actions....

Basic Considerations in Motor Development

• Reasons to study human motor development.
• The areas or domains of behavior.
• The question of stages, phases, or periods.
• The problem of terminology.
• The question of heredity and environment.
• Research in the study of motor development.

Learning Objectives

• Argue cases for the study of motor development.
• Discriminate between various areas of behavior.
• Analyze the different stages or periods of evolutionary development.
• Define the specific terms of the study.
• Distinguish the influence of heredity and environment.
• Analyze human research procedures.

The Science of Human Development

Motor development is an autonomous, specific, and integrated area within the Science of Human Development. It is considered a subsystem within...

Common Principles of Teaching Programs

The teaching of strategies has led to the design of cognitive improvement programs consistent in providing students with development-oriented activities of cognitive functioning. Largely based on rigorous research, it has been shown that intelligence is amendable and not fixed, as classically thought. Theories such as those by S. Gardner and Enrberg have helped establish the theoretical foundation of the psychology of instruction by a considerable shift, despite the disagreement over the terminology to use. For example, S. Enrberg (1986) gives preference to the development of intelligence, while Feuers, Hoffman, and Miller (1980) use the term "modifiability." Chipman & Glaser (1985) lean toward the...