Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for Primary education

Beneficiaries of Temporary Special Needs Education Grant

Who are the beneficiaries of the Special Needs Education Grant of a temporary nature?

The beneficiaries of the Special Needs Education Grant of a temporary nature are individuals with a diagnosis made by a competent professional who present one or more of the following deficits or disabilities:

• Specific Learning Disorder
• Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
• Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity (ADD) or hyperkinetic disorder
• Performance in IQ tests in the borderline range with significant limitations in adaptive behavior

Diagnoses Explained

Name the six diagnoses explained:

• Intellectual disability
• Visual disability
• Hearing disability
• Severe dysphasia
• Multiple deficits (multidéficit)
• Autistic

Two Phases of Socialization

Socialization occurs in two main phases:

Primary Socialization

Primary socialization happens during early childhood. Parents teach the organization of time (e.g., lunch breaks, rest periods), the language of symbolic communication, and rules of conduct through positive and negative reinforcement (rewards and punishments). This phase is characterized by an intense emotional charge. Mechanisms involve early identification with cultural elements. The organization of time and space, and the sense of familiarity produced naturally, foster ontological security. This implies the internalization of cultural values in a natural, common-sense manner.

Conventional Primary Socialization

Within primary socialization, the conventional...

Theories on the Mechanisms of Perception

Associationism Theory

Wundt: Isolated sensations are perceived and then associated with others to form a global perception of the object.

Gestalt Theory

Studies the way in which perception is organized. Given a stimulus, individuals react differently.

Functionalist Theory

James: Stresses the subjective aspects of all perception.

Cognitive Theory

Neisser: Emphasizes the structural activity of the subject based on past experience.

Gestalt Principles and Laws of Perception

A) Figure-Ground Principle

We perceive a figure against a background, often denying the other. Both the figure and the background can be reversible.

Contour Law: The figure stands out against the background, marked by a clear boundary.

B) Law of Prägnanz

Adverse Impact

Unintentional discrimination against a protected group.

Employee Screening

The process of reviewing information about job applicants to select individuals for jobs.

Clinical Approach

Subjectively combining sources of information based on the general impression of the hiring specialist.

Least Valid Employee Screening Test

Handwriting analysis.

Reliability and Validity

• Reliability: Refers to the stability of a measure over time, or the consistency of the measure.
• Validity: Refers to the accuracy of inferences or projections drawn from measurements.

Parallel Forms

A method of establishing the reliability of a measurement instrument by correlating scores on two different but equivalent versions of the same instrument.

Criterion-Related Validity

There...

●Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Erikson proposed eight stages of development

A period of life that is characterized by a specific underlying Organization

These stages follow the epigenetic principle

Biological plan for growth allows each function to emerge systematically Until the individual has fully developed

1-Oral-sensory Infant 18 months (Basic trust vs mistrust)

2-Muscular-anal 18 months- 3 years (Autonomy vs shame, Doubt)

3-Locomotor-genital 3-5 (Initiative vs guilt)

4-Latency 5-13(Industry vs inferiority)

5-Puberty and adolescence 13-21 (Identity vs Role confusion)

6-Young adulthood 21-39(Intimacy vs Isolation)

7-Adulthood 40-65 (Generativity vs Stagnation)

8-Maturity 65-older(Ego integrity vs Despair)

●Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral...

10 대표강점을 활용한 삶 Part 1

★ Amy Wrzesniewski

• 생업: 삶을 이어나가기 위해
• 전문직: 미래를 위해
• 천직: 직업에 의미를 부여

★ Job Crafting (직무 공예)

1. Task crafting: 내가 하는 태스크(Task)를 적극적으로 찾아본다.
2. Relational crafting: 내가 이걸 하면서 다른 사람과 어떤 관계를 맺고 살아가는지 고민한다.
3. Cognitive crafting: 내가 하고 있는 일에 대해 내가 어떻게 인지하는지 바꾼다.

★ Job Crafting이 잘될 때의 특징

1. Satisfaction (만족도)
2. Commitment (몰입)
3. Attachment to the job (직무 애착)

향상된 점:

1. Happiness at work (직장에서의 행복)
2. Performance (성과)
3. Mobility to new roles (새로운 역할로의 이동성)

11 대표강점을

Core Concepts in Social Science

Ontology

Ontology: Vad som existerar och vad det betyder att något existerar (What exists and what it means for something to exist).

• Is the social world fundamentally different from the natural world?
• How do researchers conceptualize what they study?
• Is there an objective reality that exists independently of us, or is it in important respects, subjectively created?

Epistemology

Epistemology: Kunskapsteori, läran om vad man kan veta och hur man kan nå kunskap (Theory of knowledge, the study of what can be known and how to acquire knowledge).

• What type or form of knowledge should we pursue?
• What is legitimate knowledge about the social world?
• How do researchers know what they know?
• What is knowable?

Methodology

Methodology:

Foundational Figures and Concepts in Sociology

Auguste Comte is recognized as the father of sociology. The term sociological imagination was coined by the American sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology.

The Milgram Experiment and Obedience

In the Milgram experiment, an experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject; two-thirds of participants fell into the category of obedient subjects.

Durkheim on Suicide and Social Cohesion

Émile Durkheim argued that suicide is caused by social factors, not just individual psychological ones. Anomie suicide occurs when a person experiences a sense of disconnection from society and a feeling of...

The Fallacy of Dogmatic Ideology

The assumption that ____________ is a false or categorical truth. Although some advocates of ___________ would argue that ___________, these romantics are too dogmatic in their ideology. Two archetypes that exemplify how ____(Side I believe in)____ can be found throughout university research as well as in early 19th-century Swedish drama.

The Princeton Longitudinal Study

In 1953, researchers at Princeton University conducted a study in which 1,300 volunteers were broken down into groups of 650 each. The two groups performed [some task] under differing conditions:

• The first group: [situation related to one side of the prompt]
• The second group: [situation related to the opposite side of the prompt]

The participants...

Piaget and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Piaget: Cognitive changes ages 3 to 6

According to Piaget, cognitive changes that occur in childhood with regard to children ages 3 to 6 years are: B — is a more decentered thinking; it addresses changes in objects and operations that can be reversible.

Operational thinking: classes and seriation

In operational thinking. The mental operations that occur are: B — the logic of classes and seriation.

Sensorimotor period: primary circular reactions

With respect to Piaget's sensorimotor period we can mention: C — primary circular reactions, actions performed on the child's own body that are fortuitous.

Young child and false belief about candy location

One child under 4 years, on noticing that two