Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for Other courses

Memory: Transformations Over Time

Memory refers to the transformations that occur in information over time. From the multi-store model, it is understood that memory is a complex and active system working with multiple interconnected components.

• Recording Information: Information is perceived and encoded.
• Storing Information: The encoded information is stored using multifunctional matrices selected by the individual.
• Retrieving Information: Information is retrieved from memory based on the store in which it was processed.

Three Systems of Information Fixation

1. Sensory Memory

   Information in sensory memory disappears within approximately one second.

2. Short-Term Memory

   Information in short-term memory fades within approximately 20 seconds.

3. Long-Term Memory

   Information

Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of disease and health outcomes in human populations, with the application of this study to the control of health problems.

Purposes of Epidemiology

• Identify causes and risk factors of disease.
• Determine the extent of disease in a community.
• Study the natural history and prognosis of disease.
• Evaluate preventive and therapeutic measures.
• Provide a foundation for public policy.

Observational Studies

Descriptive Studies

1. Cross-Sectional Studies

A snapshot of a population studied at one point in time with no follow-up; evaluates exposure and outcome simultaneously.

• Advantages: Fast, inexpensive, no loss to follow-up, easy to conduct in the general population.
• Disadvantages:

Final Exam Item Pool - Part 1

Section 1: Levels of Measurement

1. A developmental psychologist records children’s ages in full years. A colleague argues this variable should be treated as ordinal because one cannot be certain children aged 6 and 7 differ by “exactly one year” in psychological maturity. Which response best evaluates this argument?

• a) The colleague is correct; developmental maturity is inherently ordinal.
• b) The colleague is incorrect; age in years has equal intervals and a true zero, making it ratio.
• c) The colleague is correct because ratio measurement requires a psychological, not just physical, zero point.
• d) The colleague is incorrect because classifying a variable depends on conceptual intent, not physical properties.

2.

Mental Status Assessment

• Level of consciousness
• Orientation: Person, place, and situation
• Speech, Mood, and Affect
• Thought process and content
• Perception: Hallucinations
• Insight and judgment

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

• Eye opening (4)
• Verbal response (5)
• Motor response (6)
• Total: 3–15 (≤8 indicates severe neurological impairment)

Screening Tools

• CAGE: Drinking problem screen
• CIWA-Ar: Alcohol withdrawal (>15 indicates moderate/severe withdrawal)
• COWS: Opioid withdrawal assessment

Schizophrenia: Clinical Features

A disorder characterized by altered thought, perception, emotion, and behavior.

• Positive Symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior.
• Negative Symptoms: Flat affect, avolition, alogia.
• Thought & Speech Patterns:

A. Behaviourist Theories (Pavlov, Skinner)

The learner is a kind of white sheet of paper on which the teacher writes. Behaviourists did not take into account the learner's previous knowledge.

They focus on learning as a process in which rewards and punishment are taken into account: these can be approached as kinds of stimuli that exert effects on the behaviour of the individual.

The mind is considered a black box. A behaviourist would say that it is impossible to have access to what occurs within the mind of the individual.

The study of the human mind is relatively recent and goes hand in hand with the development of artificial intelligence (AI). The computer is thought to resemble or simulate the way the human mind works: short-term vs. long-

These tests are a series of tests that will help us evaluate the puppy's response to different stimuli presented and information about the personality traits examined. Analyze the dog's temperament is his way of behaving and reacting a result of their genetic potential. Be made to the 8 weeks since the experience and learned behavior is minimal, therefore the probability of observing their inherited traits is high.

To perform the test, we must consider the following factors:

1) The task at hand from the puppy: Depending on the task that the puppy will develop in the future will need a certain level in their features.

2) Standard: Depending on your standard, some features require a higher level than another (a German Shepherd with a very high...

Defining Aggression: Hostile vs. Instrumental

It is essential to distinguish between two primary types of aggression:

• Hostile Aggression: The main objective is to inflict physical or psychological harm on another individual.
• Instrumental Aggression: This occurs in the pursuit of a non-aggressive goal, where harm is a means to an end rather than the end itself.

Key Psychological Theories of Aggression

Several theories attempt to explain the roots of aggressive behavior.

Instinct Theory

This theory posits that humans have an innate, hardwired instinct to be aggressive, making its manifestation inevitable.

Biological Theories

From a biological perspective, aggression is linked to natural impulses. Proponents suggest that activities like sports programs...

Social Thought and the Perception of People

Social thought and the perception of people is the process by which we form a first impression of others and make judgments that will guide our further interaction.

Distortions of Social Perception

• Error of primacy: The valuation of first contact determines the sequence of subsequent events.
• Halo effect: If we know one characteristic of a person, we presuppose that they possess other qualities as well.
• Implicit Personality: The information we perceive about others is not composed of isolated facts; they are related to each other so that our impressions are unitary and coherent.
• Illusory correlation: This consists of perceiving a relationship where none exists, or a stronger relationship than actually exists

Understanding Stress and Its Impact

Stress is what the body feels when under pressure from the outside world or from inside oneself. It is a normal reaction in people's lives at any age.

Common Causes of Stress

Stress arises from various situations: uncertainty about the future, change requiring adaptation, information overload, and a lack of behaviors or skills to cope with and manage an unexpected situation.

Implications of Stress

• Physiological: Stress causes nervous system hyperactivity.
• Emotional disorders: Feelings of irritability, guilt, anxiety, and depression.
• Cognitive impairment: Decreased attention, memory forgetfulness, negative thoughts, and affecting decisions.
• Vulnerability to stress: Chronic weakness in facing aggression.

Strategies