Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physics

newton’s laws of motion 1st when Net force acting on an object is zero, objects will not motion 2nd acceleration of an objects is equal to the net force acting On that object divided by the object mass 3rd when An object applies a force on the second object, the second object applies an Equal and opposite force to the first object in different object indifferent Direction.

Work: when a force is Apply on an object and it moves over a certain distance.

Friction: force that Resist motion of an object is called friction

The law of conservation of energy: it states that energy can neither be created nor Destroyed but can be transform one form to another

Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy: kinetic energy is the energy due to motion of... Continue reading "Coh3 chemical name" »

Static electricity:

• There are electrostatic forces between particles or objects with a positive or a negative charge.
• Charge is due to the surplus or defect of electrons.
• Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other.
• Electric charge is measured in coulomb (C) and has the symbol Q.
• When there is an imbalance of positive and negative charge, we get a force between the charges according to Coulomb's law.

Electric current:

• Electric current is a flow of electrons or other charges through a material.
• Conductor: Electrons can move easily through the conductor.
• Insulator: It is very difficult for electrons to move through the material. The electrons are not free to move and form bonds.

Electrical Magnitudes:

• Potential difference is

Key Figures in Astronomical and Physical Science

Aristotle

• Proved that the Earth is spherical.
• Believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe.

Aristarchus

• He was the first to state that the Sun, and not the Earth, was the center of our universe.
• Used simple geometry to estimate the size of the Sun and Moon and their relative distances.

Ptolemy

• Made a model called the Ptolemaic system, concluding all astronomical objects move at constant speeds in circular orbits.
• Ptolemy built his model to fit this idea. The Ptolemaic model is one of the longest upheld scientific theories in history; it was the cornerstone of astronomy for 1,500 years.

Copernicus

• Concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth.
• Promoted the concept

Arguments Against Earth's Rotation

1. Centrifugal Force and Stability

The Earth should have broken apart long ago due to centrifugal forces; since this does not happen, the Earth must be stationary.

2. The Problem of Falling Objects

If the Earth moved, falling objects would not strike the surface directly beneath their starting point because the surface would shift during the fall. Since objects fall in a straight line, the Earth cannot be moving.

3. Aerial Motion and Birds

If the Earth rotated, flying creatures like birds, which do not maintain constant contact with the surface, would be left behind. Since this is not observed, the Earth must be at rest.

4. Celestial Spheres and Natural Motion

Some argue that celestial bodies move independently within... Continue reading "Historical Arguments Against Earth's Rotation" »

The Meter Bridge

The Meter Bridge consists of a wire of length 1 m and of uniform cross-sectional area stretched taut and clamped between two thick metallic strips bent at right angles, as shown. The metallic strip has two gaps across which resistors can be connected. The end points where the wire is clamped are connected to a cell through a key. One end of a galvanometer is connected to the metallic strip midway between the two gaps. The other end of the galvanometer is connected to a 'jockey'. The jockey is essentially a metallic rod whose one end has a knife-edge which can slide over the wire to make an electrical connection.

The Potentiometer

The Potentiometer is a versatile instrument. It is basically a long piece of uniform wire, sometimes... Continue reading "Principles of Meter Bridge and Ampere's Circuital Law" »

Reflection of Light

Reflection is one of the unique properties of light. It is the reflection of light, which enables us to see any object.

Reflection: The bouncing back of rays of light from a polished and shiny surface is called reflection or reflection of light.

Laws of Reflection of light: The angle of incidence and angle of reflection is equal. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the point of reflection lie in the same plane.

The angle of incidence is denoted by 'i' and angle of reflection is denoted by 'r'. The law of reflection is applicable to all types of reflecting surface.

Mirror and Reflection of Light: Mirror is a shiny polished object (glass) which reflects most of the rays of light falling upon it. One side of mirror is... Continue reading "Understanding Reflection, Refraction, and Spherical Lenses" »

Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors

1. The object is always placed on the left of the mirror.
2. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
3. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive.
4. Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are taken as negative.
5. The focal length of a concave mirror is negative.

Image Formation by a Concave Lens

1. If the object is at infinity, the image is formed at the focus of the lens on the same side of the lens as the object. It is virtual, erect, and highly diminished.
2. If the object is at any finite distance from the lens, the image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object and between the focus

The romanticism was the movement during the 19^th Century.

This period was focused in the representation of the self, the philosophy represented in society and the mind as the main source of thinking.

Poetry was the maxim exponent of Romanticism, it represented Literature. Poets considered themselves as leaders that helped to understand society. The poet taught, guided and lead the rest to the truth. They teach them how the world works.

Each poet interpreted Romanticism in his own way; the romantic elements were observed and discussed in different points of view. All of them structured their “romanticism”.

There were two generations of romantic poets. The first generation composed by W. Wordsworth and Coleridge (which is the main interest in... Continue reading "The Romanticism Movement: Poetry, Language, and Society" »

Angular Momentum Conservation

The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts on an object, its angular momentum remains constant.

Inverse Square Law

The inverse-square law dictates that a physical quantity's intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from its source.

Energy Conservation

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.

Momentum Conservation

In an isolated system, the total momentum of two objects before a collision equals their total momentum after the collision.

Energy Degradation

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that the universe's total energy is constant. The second law states that this energy's... Continue reading "Fundamental Physics Laws: Momentum, Energy, and Motion" »