Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for University

4 Tactical Tasks: Learning From the Other Party

1. Assess the Other Party's Position

Assess the other party’s target, resistance point, and cost of terminating the negotiation (resistance and BATNA). There are two ways to do this:

• Direct assessment: Asking or observing directly.
• Indirect assessment: Analyzing external factors and behaviors.

2. Manage the Other Party's Impression

Manage the other party’s impression of your target, resistance point, and cost of terminating negotiations.

Screening Activities

• Concealing information: Keeping sensitive data like your target point, resistance point, and BATNA confidential.
• Calculated incompetence: Exploiting the other party's lack of knowledge by providing misleading information or negotiating with those

Right

A) Concept of Law

The law is defined by its essential relationship to the concept of justice, depending on the various individual relationships that define the Law:

• Commutative Justice: Community members must interact fairly among themselves.
• Distributive Justice: What the Community owes each of its members.
• Legal Justice: What the members owe their Community.

Therefore, the law thus defined, aims at two purposes: to give each member what is his (i.e., the law understood as a tool for the development of our inner, private life). The law will define the various connections with which to adjust the social order.

b) Modes of Expression of the Law

The Latin tradition has always used the term 'right' to refer to the dialectical unity, a duality that...

Freedom of Ideology (Art. 16.1) guarantees freedom of religion and individual beliefs. Ownership of these beliefs resides with individuals and communities. This encompasses:

• The state's inability to impose a religion.
• The ability to express one's own ideas, whether written or oral.
• Protection of individuals' beliefs.

Freedom of Expression vs. Right to Information

We distinguish between freedom of expression, which is more subjective and deals with ideas and opinions, and the right to information, which concerns data, facts, and behaviors and is more objective. Both are inherent to the individual and connected to human dignity, autonomy, and freedom.

These rights extend beyond the individual sphere to legal, social, and political groups. Their purpose...

Salary and Compensation

Salary is the total economic benefit received by workers in cash or in kind for providing their services. Paid employment in kind may not exceed 30% of employee perceptions. The Minimum Interprofessional Wage (SMI) is the wage fixing established by the Government in accordance with ILO Convention 117.

Composition of Wages

The salary consists of base pay, which is pay fixed per unit of time or work, and wage supplements fixed by convention. Workers are also entitled to extraordinary pay, typically consisting of two payments as determined by group agreement.

Wage Guarantees and Payroll

Regarding the guarantee of wages, the wages of workers have priority over other debts. The payroll (nómina) is the individual receipt and proof...

Aristotle's Definition of Virtue

According to Aristotle, virtue is an elective habit consisting of a mean (the middle ground) determined by reason, as a prudent person would define it in each specific case.

The Role of Passions in Virtue

Does virtue cancel the passions? No. Instead, it provides the power to moderate the passions, allowing them to arise to an appropriate extent. Virtue ensures that passions are governed by reason, enabling an individual to engage with reality in an appropriate manner.

Two Cardinal Virtues in Professional Work

Prudence: The Intellectual Virtue

Prudence is a cardinal virtue of the intellectual type that improves intelligence. Its characteristics include:

• Acting as the mother of all cardinal virtues.
• Determining the "middle

Assumptions About the Common Good

The individual is superior and prior to the state. There are aspects unique to the subject that the state must respect, and certain rights exist above state action (e.g., human rights, happiness). An example illustrating this concept is the relationship between individual rights and the state, contrasting with systems like the People's Republic of China.

The state exists because people exist; therefore, the state's purpose must serve the people.

Functions of the State

The primary functions of the state include:

• Administrative/Executive (Government)
• Legislative (Congress)
• Judiciary (Jurisdictional)

The distinction between these functions often depends on the form of government, whether presidential or parliamentary....

Ethics: Definition and Normative Science

Ethics (from the Greek ethos, meaning way of life, custom, or character) is a normative science of law concerning the behavior that people ought to have. It studies the principles of morality and valuable conduct.

Ethics provides the reasons why a behavior is justified or discarded. It is an approach that helps individuals guide and freely choose their own behavior.

Distinguishing Normal (Fact) and Normative (Law)

• Normal (Fact): What often happens; statistically normal behavior.
• Normal (Law) / Normative: What ought to happen, governed by a rule or law.

Behaviors that are statistically normal but violate normative law include: fraud, religious fanaticism, and political abuse.

When human behavior coincides with...

Cultural Context

Movements during this period include:

• Realism: A pictorial and literary movement that emerged in response to Romanticism. It proposed a return to reality, using the volume of daily life as a primary reference.
• Impressionism: A pictorial movement where the artist is no longer interested in the content of the work, but rather the impression it produces.
• Modernism: Characterized by a rejection of the utilitarianism of Western civilization and an escape into the past or exotic lands.
• Romanticism: A reaction against the rational and critical spirit of the Renaissance and Classicism. It favors an awareness of the self as an autonomous and fantastic entity, emphasizing the primacy of the creative genius, the supremacy of sentiment over

Technical Definitions
Equity instruments reported flows not defined in time and whose values will depend on a number of variables such as economic stability
Equity instruments Shares representing a title to a fraction of the assets of the company
Ordinary Shares Shares issued for an indefinite period with the possibility of exercising all rights. The shares are nominative and transfer is established in the records of the issuing company
Preference Shares are characterized by stipulate certain privileges in relation to ordinary shares. With the caveat that the preferred shares are privileged with respect to dividend payments

Issuing shares of 1 are those written through a capital increase.

Dividends distributed by the issuing company profits...