Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Philosophy and ethics for Secondary education

In society, extreme wealth often creates a system where rich people can treat rules as if they do not apply to them. When money protects people from getting into trouble, they slowly lose their sense of responsibility toward others. In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, this continuous protection from consequences shows how money destroys basic fairness and human empathy. Upper-class status allows elite characters to ignore the law, turning legal rules into things only regular people have to follow. On top of that, this unearned protection lets the rich use lower-class people and leave them to suffer the damage left behind. Eventually, this lack of accountability breaks down the moral structure of society as the gap between classes grows...

Aristotelian Teleology vs. Kantian Deontology

Aristotle is considered a teleological philosopher because he states that, with respect to the good, it isn't merely a disposition. Something is good if it performs its proper function.

Kant is considered a deontological philosopher because he stated that to act in a morally right way, people must act from duty, and that a good will is still good even if one fails to achieve its intended outcome.

Defining Virtue: The Golden Mean

Virtue is defined as a mean between two extremes of excess and defect in regard to a feeling or action, as a practically wise person would determine it. This mean is relative to the individual's circumstances.

Understanding Key Social Liberation Movements

Feminism

Feminism began...

Types of Argumentative Support

• Facts and Figures: Information based on provable facts or statistics. For example, Peter said that pollution causes disease because polluted cities have increased respiratory diseases.
• Causal Relationships: Information that functions as a cause and effect. For instance, excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage.
• Definitions: Supporting a thesis by using a specific definition.
• Comparisons: Organizing information by similarities and differences to support a thesis.
• Description: A thesis based on a detailed description.
• Narratives: Using a narrative to support a thesis.
• Authority: Using the name of an authority or the prestige of an institution to support a thesis.
• Value: Referring to specific values to defend

Key Historical Concepts of the Modern Age

Political and Social Structures

• Absolutism: A style of government in which power is not limited by higher law, and the governed have no right to restrict the actions of the ruler.
• Stratum: The dominant form of social division in the Modern Age. Classification was based on birth and social privilege, divided into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners (Third Estate).

Cultural and Intellectual Movements

• Baroque: An artistic style that predominated in 17th-century Europe, characterized by the grandeur of its creations, theatrical effects, curved shapes, spirals, and strong contrasting colors.
• Enlightenment: An intellectual movement that emerged in 18th-century Europe. Its representatives

Plato's Anthropological Conception and Dualism

Plato's anthropological conception is closely related to his dualistic ontological conception. Just as Plato distinguishes between the sensible world and the intelligible world, he believes that man is a compound of body and soul.

The Body: Earthly and Corruptible

The body corresponds to the sensible world, possessing these features:

• Earthly and material
• Mortal and corruptible
• The source of appetites and desires

Plato sometimes presents the body offensively, considering it the root of all evil and a prison for the soul, preventing it from ascending to the intelligible world.

The Soul: True Self and Immortality

In contrast, the soul, which is only accidentally attached to the body, is the vital principle...

Ethics and Ethical Duty Purposes

The ethics of ends informs you what to do (the purpose). In contrast, the ethics of duty informs you how you should act as you pursue that purpose.

Philosophical Ethics

Aristotle

For Aristotle, happiness is achieved by finding the middle ground on a subject, leading a person to act with caution and virtue.

Epicurus

Epicurus believed happiness is attained by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Sometimes, this requires enduring minor suffering now for the sake of greater, long-term pleasure.

Utilitarianism

Only the results matter; the means employed can be good or bad, provided they yield a positive outcome. The core tenet is: "The end justifies the means."

Kantian Ethics

Kant asserted that we must act out of duty, voluntarily...

Conditional Sentences

• 1st Conditional: Real situations / if + present simple + will + infinitive
• 2nd Conditional: Hypothetical situations at present or likely future / if + past simple + would + infinitive
• 3rd Conditional: Hypothesis in the past impossible to occur / if + past perfect + would have + past participle

Common Conditional Phrases

• As long as: = while
• Providing that: The condition
• Only if: = only if
• Unless: If not

Expressing Wishes

Wish: + past simple or past continuous = desire change. Present = ojalá. Wish + past simple = perfect del del algo pasado arrepentirse.

Vocabulary: Social Issues

• Charity: Person, homeless, homelessness
• Poverty: Hunger
• Health: Hospital, disability, patient
• Employment: Worker, company, unemployment
• Crime: Theft, shoplifting,

Item 8 — The Appearance of Life

Being alive

Being alive: A set of atoms and molecules form a highly organized and complex structure of materials that are involved in molecular communication systems. These systems are related to the environment through an orderly exchange of matter and energy and perform the basic functions of life.

Characteristics of a living being

• a) Ability to transform matter into usable energy.
• b) Capacity for self-replication.
• c) Is complex and organized.
• d) Is self-supporting.
• e) Is not at equilibrium.
• f) Contains information on the processes that take place.

Biomolecules

Biomolecules: The molecules that make up living matter; they are composed of carbon and other elements.

Theory of spontaneous generation

Theory of spontaneous

Ethics of Citizenship

The ethics of citizenship is an ethic of justice for two reasons: / 1 / it does not try to promote, much less to impose, an ideal of human excellence. Ethics of citizenship accepts that people have different conceptions of the good and have the right to attempt their realization. / 2 / because it seeks to describe an ideal of justice arising from moral values, rights, and duties owed by social coexistence. The required axiological principle that inspires the ethics of citizenship is the inalienable dignity of the person.

Principle: Dignity of the Person

Dignity of the person is a principle of prescriptive morality — a moral obligation we take as a commitment to respect others. It is a principle of moral legitimacy: legitimate...