Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Vocational training

Health Education, Promotion and Prevention

To educate is to give someone the knowledge, resources, and instructions needed to achieve their development.

Education for Health: Purpose and Scope

The education for health aims to change knowledge, attitudes, and health behaviors of individuals, groups, and communities so they acquire the habits and attitudes necessary to protect and promote their own health and the environment.

It is important for people to adopt healthy habits to prevent illness or to cope with it.

Key Concepts

• Habit: a behavior that, once learned, is consistently performed even if external circumstances change.
• Routine: a behavior that may change if external circumstances change.
• Prevention: actions aimed at enabling people to control

Item 11 of Prevention Management

1. Risk Assessment

It is a process to detect and estimate the magnitude of all risks in the company, determining which can be removed and acting on those that have not been avoided.

To perform the risk assessment is a systematic analysis of all aspects of the workplace, taking into account:

• The nature of the company's activity.
• The nature and number of exposed workers.

1.1. Risk Analysis

1. Identify the hazard.
2. Describe the risk.
3. Estimate the Risk:
   • High probability: the damage will occur always or almost always.
   • Average probability: the damage will occur occasionally.
   • Low probability: the damage will occur rarely.

1.2. Risk Evaluation

Consists of issuing an opinion on the tolerability of risk, based on previous studies. When...

Understanding Occupational Health and Safety

Health is a state of mental, physical, and social balance. The loss of these elements results from occupational accidents, occupational diseases, and other pathologies such as fatigue or job dissatisfaction.

Defining Workplace Injuries

A work-related injury is any disease, condition, or injury caused by reason or occasion of work. An occupational injury refers to any bodily harm suffered during or in consequence of work, including:

• Commuting accidents (while going to or returning from work).
• Non-listed occupational diseases contracted solely due to the execution of work.

Safety and Industrial Hygiene

Safety at work is a technique used to protect workers and reduce accidents. Occupational diseases manifest...

Phases of the Informal Relationship

The phases of the informal relationship are:

1. Reaction orientation

First, observe the patient's reaction to the situation, both verbal and nonverbal aspects. Then consider how to address the situation.

2. Implementation (Outturn)

This phase consists of implementing the plan that was devised, attempting to guide the patient in seeking solutions.

3. Conclusion

The purpose is to ensure that the objective was achieved, i.e., the patient has received the help they needed.

Item 4: Psychosocial Aspects of Illness

In this module we will focus especially on the psychosocial aspects of illness. There are a number of psychological characteristics, present to varying degrees in patients. Among them are:

• Experiencing anxiety

Sondaje Enteral y Rectal: Tipos y Técnicas

Sondas Enterales

Las sondas enterales se introducen por la nariz hasta el intestino delgado. Son más largas, finas y flexibles que las nasogástricas. Suelen medir de 91 a 300 cm. Entre ellas destacan:

• Sonda de Miller-Abbott: Es una sonda de doble luz o abertura. En el extremo distal tiene varios orificios y un balón, y en el extremo proximal presenta dos aberturas. Suele utilizarse para recolectar muestras, para irrigación y para el drenaje de secreciones.
• Sonda Nutrisoft: Es una sonda de una sola luz provista de un lastre en el extremo distal y varios orificios, con un fiador metálico que facilita la inserción. Es de calibre pequeño, flexible, radiopaca y se utiliza para nutrición enteral.

Sondas

Crohn's Disease

Concept and synonymy: Inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause that most frequently affects the ileum of young adults. It causes diarrhea and has a strong tendency toward fistulization (regional enteritis, terminal ileitis).

Clinical Features

• Acute ileitis, often confused with acute appendicitis, especially in children and adolescents.
• Chronic form: insidious onset with diarrhea, fever, a palpable abdominal mass and fistulas (20%).
• General symptoms: pallor, asthenia, weight loss and polyarthritis.

Treatment

Medical and surgical treatment, often a combination of both.

Acute Pancreatitis

1. Concept: Necrotizing-hemorrhagic inflammation of aseptic nature, caused by autodigestion of the gland by its own enzymes (trypsin), with activation

Toxicological Properties and Exposure

The dose of a poison refers to the quantity absorbed by the body, typically measured in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). The resulting damage depends on various factors, including human physiology, the contaminant's inherent toxicity, and the rate at which the body absorbs the contaminant. Given the variability of these factors, we define the concept of exposure, represented by the formula E = f(c, t), where 'c' is concentration and 't' is time.

Types of Poisoning

• Acute Intoxication: This leads to a severe deterioration in the body, becoming apparent within a short period. It requires acute exposure to the toxic substance and rapid absorption by the organism.
• Subacute Intoxication: Less severe than acute intoxication,

Neurologia: La Malaltia d'Alzheimer

Alzheimer: Malaltia neurodegenerativa del sistema nerviós que actualment no té cura.

• Símptomes: Pèrdua progressiva de la memòria, dificultat en el llenguatge i en el moviment, incapacitat per dur a terme les activitats quotidianes, canvis de personalitat, confusió, ansietat i desorientació.
• Causes: Pèrdua progressiva de neurones cerebrals, acumulació d'una proteïna anòmala (beta-amiloide) i predisposició genètica. El risc augmenta amb l'edat; la probabilitat d'incidència es duplica cada 5 anys a partir dels 65 anys.
• Tractament: No existeix cura definitiva, però hi ha fàrmacs que alenteixen o disminueixen la progressió de la malaltia.
• Proves diagnòstiques: Tomografia per emissió de positrons

Continuation of Item 4:

Incorrect Attitudes Towards Family Illness

The following are incorrect attitudes when dealing with the illness of a family member:

1. Permanently refusing to face reality, which negatively affects the patient's psychological development.
2. Overprotecting the patient.
3. Interrupting all recreational activities, i.e., not allowing distractions.
4. Falling into servitude, that is, doing everything the patient says. This can lead to the patient and family resenting this behavior and engaging in recriminations.
5. Having a passive and inept attitude, that is, not wanting to learn how to care for the sick person.
6. Maintaining feelings of rage and anger for an extended period, which often accompanies the illness.
7. Anticipating the mourning stage,