Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Secondary education

H2O (-)

Loop Diuretics (Potassium losing)

H2O (+)

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of disorders that affect the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections. These disorders can be inherited or acquired, and they can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.

Types of Primary Immunodeficiencies

There are many different types of primary immunodeficiencies, each with its own unique set of symptoms and causes. Some of the most common types include:

• B cell deficiencies affect the production of B cells, which are white blood cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that help the body fight off infections.
• T cell deficiencies affect the production of T cells, which are white blood cells that help the body fight off infections.

Keep the Wolf from the Door

To earn enough money to live on; to make ends meet. (Original definition: reach end of month)

Chicken Out

To decide not to do something because you are too frightened. (Spanish: rajarse)

Be a Fly on the Wall

To observe a situation secretly without being noticed; to spy.

Get By

To manage to live or accomplish something with difficulty; to live on.

Brought Up

Raised; educated and cared for as a child.

Making Waves

To cause trouble or excitement; to make conflict.

To Be Chalk and Cheese

To be completely different from each other.

Stick It Out

To endure a difficult situation; to persevere. (Original definition: aguantarse dread)

Hate Assertive

To be an open person. (Note: This phrase is uncommon in standard English, and its meaning here

Useful English Vocabulary List

• To Take After: To resemble a parent or relative in appearance or character. Example: She takes after her mother in her love of music.
• To See Eye to Eye: To agree fully with someone. Example: We see eye to eye on most important issues.
• To Scold: To rebuke or reprimand someone angrily. Example: She scolded John because of his bad behavior.
• To Speak Your Mind: To say exactly what you think, even if it is not polite or popular. Example: She is not afraid to speak her mind, even if it upsets people.
• To Kill Time: To do something to make time pass while waiting for something else. Example: I'm going to kill time doing some math exercises.
• To Give Someone a Hard Time: To criticize or trouble someone. Example: Josh's pals were

Hygiene: Cleaning and Care of Body, Homes, and Cities

Hygiene refers to the practices involved in cleaning and caring for the body, homes, cities, and towns.

Personal Hygiene

Personal hygiene involves the cleaning and care of the body through the use of:

• Soaps
• Colognes
• Deodorants
• Creams
• Haircuts and washes
• Washing clothes
• Consuming clean food
• Fresh air intake

Home Hygiene

Home hygiene includes:

• Sweeping and dusting
• Washing and disinfecting bathrooms and kitchens
• Painting walls
• Replacing flooring, materials, and furniture

Public Health

Public health involves:

• Cleaning and maintaining streets
• Picking up garbage
• Managing sewage systems to remove waste from cities and purify it

Medicine: Study and Treatment of Human Diseases

Medicine is the science responsible for studying...

Listening

• b (14th) 1. black
• b (lungs) 2. rats
• a (1248) 3. three
• c (six) 4.1,5
• b (food was expensive) 5. works and foods// wages

Reading

1. F→they start to feel ill
2. F→they tell sufferers that they should not continue working in particular buildings
3. F→however, not everyone is sure that people are becoming ill because of the bad air
4. T→it may actually be caused by stress, boredom and bad relationships with their co-workers and managers
5. F→even if poor quality is not the only factor that is causing workers to feel ill, there can be no doubt that bad air is not good

1. they can't find any specific illness that might explain them
2. windows to be open, as he wants to prevent heat from escaping
3. are bad and if they are

Combination of Antibiotics

Used when there is a mixed infection, or for the following reasons:

• Where the infectious organism is not known.
• Where the two antibiotics can produce a greater effect (synergism) than one alone.
• To prevent the development of resistance to one antibiotic.

Indications for Antibiotics

Curative Treatment

The primary aim when:

1. Infection cannot be treated with surgery.
2. As supplements to surgery (adjunctive therapy).
3. In cases of osteomyelitis and actinomycosis.

Prophylactic Treatment

Starting approximately one hour before surgery.

Absolute Indications

• Prevention of subacute bacterial endocarditis before surgical procedures.
• Diabetic patients undergoing major oral surgery.
• Immunocompromised patients.
• Oral surgery in patients previously subjected

Abbreviations should be obvious or well-known. Avoid using ambiguous abbreviations that could be misinterpreted. For example, don't use "the study com..." where "com" could mean communication, computation, or combination.

Ensure your notes are legible. If you have to bring your notes very close to your face to read them, the teacher could notice. Write small, but readable.

Write on both sides of the paper to conserve resources.

Hiding Places

Sweatshirts with pockets are a good place to hide notes. Calculators can also be used to cover notes (though some teachers check calculators). Notes can also be taped under the table or gum, or under your seat (the latter requires practice to avoid being caught). The goal is to have easy access to the notes...

Essential English Expressions & Collocations

Common Travel Idioms

• To get/be off the beaten track: to be in a place far away from the city or popular tourist areas.
• To rough it: to live without the comforts of modern life.
• To get by on a shoestring budget: to survive with a very limited budget.
• To end up spending a fortune: to spend a lot of money.
• To be a culture vulture: to enjoy art and culture.
• To get back to nature: to live in a simple way, close to the natural environment.
• To be in the lap of luxury: to live in a very comfortable and expensive condition.

Collocations with 'Traveler'

• Frequent traveler: someone who travels often.
• Independent traveler: a traveler who hasn't booked a package tour.
• Seasoned traveler: an experienced traveler.
• Intrepid

Patronage

Patronage is the financial support that clients or customers give to a business.

Peak Hours

Peak hours are the times during the day when a business is very busy.

Peel

A peel is a skincare product that is applied to the face and then peeled off. It removes dead skin by pulling it off.

To Peel

To peel is to lose the top layer of skin.

To Pluck

To pluck something is to pull something out from somewhere.

Ramp

A ramp is a road which cars use to drive onto a major road.

Rash

A rash is an area of skin that is red with raised spots.

Receptionist

A receptionist is someone who answers phones, greets visitors, and initially deals with clients.

Regimen

A regimen is a plan for treating a condition.

Repeat Client

A repeat client is someone who visits the same business...