Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Understanding Nature vs. Nurture

Key Definitions

• Nature: What you are when you're born (often associated with genetics).
• Nurture: What you get from life (often associated with environment and experience).

Grammar Practice: Modals and Functions

Expressing Uncertainty and Hesitation

Sentence: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Exercise: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Modal Verbs: Necessity

Sentence: You need to reach your goal.

Exercise: You need to reach your goal. (necessity)

Modal Verbs: Possibility

Sentence: You could be a doctor.

Exercise: You could be a doctor. (possibility)

Modal Verbs: Probability

Sentence: You might have a stable life with wife and children.

Exercise: You might have a stable life with wife and children. (probability)...

• Dairy

  Relating to milk or to foods made using milk.

• Deep-fried

  (Of food) fried in oil that covers it.

• Garlic

  A vegetable like a small onion with a very strong taste and smell.

• Gaze

  To look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about something else. (Synonym: stare)

• Grow Out Of

  To stop doing something as you get older.

• Linger

  To continue for longer than expected.

• Moose

  A large North American deer. (Spanish: alce)

• Maggots

  A creature like a very small worm that is found in decaying meat and other foods and later develops into a fly. (Synonym: larva)

• Mixed Up

  Confused; to think one thing is another thing.

• Missing Out

  Not getting a benefit that someone else gets.

• Mash Up

  (Talking about music) a mixture

The 27 Club is the title used to refer to artists who have died at age 27, usually due to suicides, murders, or drug abuse, including Kurt Cobain, Amy Winehouse, Jim Morrison, and Jimi Hendrix, among several other artists.

Recently, in 2017, another phenomenon started; some have begun referring to the Club of 21. This term was first used in the song "Legends" by Juice WRLD, in which he narrates his fear of reaching that age, stating that he has become paranoid because many rappers are dying young—coincidentally, those who are called legendary.

Fear of Premature Death in Music

In these lines, he explains that he does not find an answer to the deaths of these rappers who die very young and whose deaths occur unexpectedly.

Drug Abuse and Unexpected

Preparation for Large Intestine Examination

Pediatric Constipation

Common Phobias

• Arachnophobia: Fear of spiders
• Technophobia: Fear of technology
• Agoraphobia: Fear of open places
• Acrophobia: Fear of heights
• Claustrophobia: Fear of small places
• Hydrophobia: Fear of water

Expressions of Danger

• In grave danger: To be in a serious and dangerous situation.
• In imminent danger: To be at potential risk in a short period of time.
• Fraught with danger: Full of danger.

Types of Looks and Gazes

Peek

A quick and secret look at something you shouldn't be looking at, especially through a small opening.

• Cautious peek
• Curious peek
• Sneaky peek

Glimpse

To look at something for a short period and not completely.

• Brief glimpse
• Tentative glimpse
• Dreamy glimpse

Glare

An angry look.

• Menacing glare
• Furious glare

Peep

• Surreptitious peep
• Furtive peep
• Intent peep

Gaze

A...

Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease

Cushing Syndrome is characterized by the production of excess cortisol, often resulting from glucocorticoid (GCD) medication. Cushing Disease specifically refers to a pituitary tumor causing the overproduction of ACTH.

Clinical Features

• Sudden weight gain and truncal obesity
• Buffalo hump and moon face
• Abdominal striae
• Red face (due to thinning blood vessels)
• Hypertension

Laboratory Findings

• Hypernatremia (High Na)
• Hypokalemia (Low K)
• Glucosuria

Diagnosis

1. Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: In cases of pituitary adenoma, there will be a suppression of cortisol.
2. No Response to Dexamethasone: If cortisol remains high, it indicates an ACTH-secreting tumor or adrenal neoplasia.
3. Adrenal Neoplasia vs. ACTH-Secreting Tumor:

Core Healthcare and Treatment Definitions

• Healthcare (Atención Sanitaria)

  The field concerned with the maintenance or restoration of the health of the body or mind, supplying services, equipment, and information related to maintaining and restoring physical and mental health. Synonyms: medical attention.

• Treatment (Tratamiento)

  The use of medicines, surgery, or other methods in curing a person of a disorder. Synonyms: medical care, remedy, therapy, medication.

• Disease (Enfermedad)

  A disorder or illness that usually results from infection, deficient nutrition, or environmental factors, or a disordered/incorrectly functioning organ.

  Note on Usage: Illness is often used for both more severe and more minor medical problems, including those affecting

Medicine, Health, and Lifestyle

The Importance of Healthy Eating

Eating healthy food helps you keep fit and is very important for our body because extra weight puts additional pressure on joints and bones.

Furthermore, a balanced diet makes it less likely to suffer from heart attacks, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.

Balancing Your Diet: Fats, Sugars, and Salt

While our diet requires some fats, sugars, and salt, consuming them in large quantities is not advisable.

Vitamins, Minerals, and a Fruitful Diet

Providing our body with essential vitamins and minerals is paramount, best achieved through a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Exercise: Benefits and Considerations

Some people believe exercise is the most crucial factor for a healthy lifestyle,...

Appearance

In my opinion, appearance boosts self-confidence and self-esteem, and physical appearance really matters in a relationship. For instance, in a marriage, partners need to take care of themselves physically in order to sustain their relationship. Many women face marital problems as they go out of shape after having children. Those women who take care of their physical appearance tend to have a better rapport with their partners.

Nevertheless, many women are obsessed with looking good in relation to the kind of clothes they wear, make-up, body shape, hair style, skin tone, and so on. In recent years, the general definition of what it means to look good for a man has also changed, including wearing nice clothes, looking after their hair,...

Personality Adjectives and Meanings

• Self-confident: segur
• Prudish: mitjigat
• Square: mente antigua
• Moody: bipolar
• Shy: vergonyós
• Naive: innocent
• Rude: maleducat
• Greedy: codiciós
• Reliable: confiable
• Cool: guay
• Polite: educat
• Unconventional: poc convencional
• Outgoing: extravertit
• Skeptical: desconfiat
• Easy-going: amigable o senzill
• Cheerful: feliç
• Kind: cuidadós

Adjective Endings

-ing (ser) / -ed (estar)

Sports and Activities: Go, Play, and Do

• Go: go + sport -ing (e.g., run a marathon, a race)
• Play: d’equip o pilota
• Do: els altres

Adverbs of Manner

Quickly, loud or loudly, seriously, easily, fast, good (well), slowly, correctly, hopefully, hard or hardly.

Collocations: Make and Do

• Make: money, mistakes, decision, the bed, tea, breakfast
• Do: homework, business, well,