Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Law for Secondary education

Common Law

Common law began to be applied in medieval England and expanded throughout the British Empire and its areas of influence. It has traditionally been based more on jurisprudence than on statutory law. Countries with common law systems include England, Wales, Ireland, India, and Australia. This system relies on the analysis of judicial decisions in lower and superior courts. Judicial interpretations can even create new legal figures. However, this has evolved over time, and now statutory law plays a more significant role than jurisprudence.

Ratio Decidendi: The essential reason that resolves a sentence determines the rest of the statements. In short, common law is based on case law. While common law has tended towards codification, it...

Public Documents

These documents are drafted in accordance with legal requirements and with the intervention of a public official, thereby carrying greater legal weight and effectiveness than common documents.

Public documents pertaining to legal acts include:

• Deeds executed by public notaries in their protocol books, or by other officials with similar powers, and copies of those books taken as prescribed by law.
• Any other instrument issued by clerks or civil servants in the manner prescribed by law.
• Entries in brokers' books, in cases and as determined by the Commercial Code.
• Court papers made in records and signed by the parties, in cases and ways established by procedural law, and copies of such records issued by order of the presiding judge.
• Letters

State Power

• 1) Organization: Organization of the state public powers.
• 2) Budget: Enact the law of the state budget.
• 3) Legalization: Legalize the field of state competition.
• 4) Infrastructure: Conservation of the land routes.
• 5) Governor Requirements: Must be over 26 years old; duration of 4 years.

Municipal Power

• 1) Public Services: Electricity, gas, cemetery, among others.
• 2) Environmental Protection: Urban sanitation and home services.
• 3) Health: Salubrity and primary health care.
• 4) Traffic: Urban traffic is represented by the Municipal Chamber with a term of 4 years.

Executive Branch

• 1) Formation: Formed by the President of the Republic, the Vice President, and the Vice Ministers and Ministers (chosen by the President of the Republic).
• 2) Requirements:

Mastering Advanced English Vocabulary

Enhance your communication and writing skills with this curated list of essential advanced English words and their precise definitions.

Aberration

A state or condition markedly different from the norm.

Abeyance

A temporary suspension of an activity; a state of being put aside for further action.

Adjudge

To award or bestow by formal decision.

Affront

An open, intentional insult.

Anarchy

The absence of government or law; political disorder.

Artifice

A skillful or ingenious device; a clever trick; a clever skill; trickery.

Augury

An event that is experienced as indicating important things to come.

Cadaverous

Pale, gaunt, resembling a corpse.

Cajole

To persuade by pleasant words; to coax with flattery and insincere talk; to wheedle....

Glossary of Terms

Political and Social Concepts

• Absolutism: The three powers (legislative, judicial, and executive) are controlled by a single person.
• Tax: A percentage of money paid to the government/king, which is then used for public spending.
• Separation of Powers: In a democracy, governmental power is divided among separate branches: judicial, legislative, and executive.
• Estate: A territory that is politically independent of another community.
• Human Actions: Conscious behaviors aimed at achieving specific goals and objectives.
• Tithe: A historical tax, typically 10%, paid to the church or ruler.
• Constitution: Establishes the separation of powers and ensures its implementation.
• Divine Rights: The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from

Local Culture

Local culture refers to the shared beliefs, customs, and values of people inhabiting a specific geographical area.

Regional Culture

Regional culture encompasses the common culture shared by people within a larger geographical area, shaped by history and adaptation. Key features include:

• Inhabitants adapted to the geography, developing skills like ceramics, textiles, and jewelry making.
• Coexistence of various cultures with distinct traditions and customs within a region.

Cultural Diversity

Cultural diversity represents the multitude of ways different cultures express themselves. These traits are transmitted within and between groups and societies.

Identity

Identity is the sense of belonging to a particular community or people.

Belonging

Distinguishing Similar English Words

Understanding the subtle differences between similar words can greatly improve your English vocabulary and communication skills. Here's a breakdown of several commonly confused words:

Words Implying Falsehood

• FALSE: Not real.
• SPURIOUS: Not real.
• COUNTERFEIT: Made in close imitation of something else, always intended to deceive, especially of money and documents.
• FAKE: Made in close imitation of something else, always intended to deceive.
• BOGUS: Made in close imitation of something else, implying a negative value judgment.
• PHONY: Not real or true, always intended to deceive, implying a negative value judgment and arousing suspicion.
• MOCK: Made in close imitation of something else, intended as a substitute for the

Dealer's Address

Article 40: The domicile of an individual is the place where he lives with the intention to stay. The general address of the trader is the place where its principal establishment is located.

Article 41: When a trader establishes shops in different places, each of these is considered a special address for businesses that are conducted there by himself or by others.

Article 42: Individuals who serve at the home or work of others have the same address as the person they serve, or for those who work, if they are living in the same place.

Article 43: The place chosen for the execution of an act of trade has a special home for everything related to that act and the obligations that would result.

Key Business Concepts

• Assets: All you need

Incoterms Defining Seller and Buyer Obligations

E-Terms: Departure

EXW (Ex Works)

The seller fulfills their obligation when they place the goods at their premises (e.g., warehouse or factory). The buyer assumes all subsequent costs and risks from that point.

• Risk Transferred: Seller's factory door.
• Cost Transferred: Seller's factory door.
• Mode of Transport: Any mode.
• Seller Obligations: None regarding export clearance or loading (unless agreed otherwise).

F-Terms: Main Carriage Unpaid

FCA (Free Carrier)

The seller fulfills their obligation when they deliver the goods to the carrier nominated by the buyer, through customs, at the agreed point. The seller bears risks and costs up to the point the goods are loaded.

If delivery occurs at the seller's property,...

Judicial Activism

“Judicial activism” refers to actions by courts to nullify or refashion government laws and policies.

Legislative Supremacy

Established by the Constitution Act of 1867, legislative supremacy grants Parliament the authority to enact laws on any topic within federal jurisdiction.

Pith and Substance

A legal doctrine used to determine which level of government has authority over a particular matter. It focuses on the essential character of the law.

Residual Power

Power held by a governmental authority after specified powers have been delegated to other authorities.

Intra Vires

Within the government's jurisdiction. Indicates that an agency has authority over a matter and can take specific actions.

Ultra Vires

Beyond the government's jurisdiction....