Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Law for Secondary education

The Roman Republic

It was the 2nd period in Roman history from 509 B.C to 27 B.C. It was a result of a revolt which removed the Etruscan king.

Social and Political Groups

There were 2 important social and political groups:

• Patricians: They were descendants of the aristocratic families that founded Rome. They were a minority of the population and had important functions such as judging, controlling the land, holding public office, and governing the city.
• Plebis: They included anyone who arrived in the city after its founding. They were the majority of the population. At first, they didn't have political rights and property. After, they achieved 2 important things: the plebeian to represent their interest in politics and the law of 12 tables to enable

Spanish Political System

Types of Political Systems

Authoritarian System

Power is controlled by one person.

• Dictatorship: A single party.
• Theocracy: Religious authorities control the government.
• Republic: The president is a dictator.
• Monarchy: The monarch has absolute power.

Territory

Controls and has a border that marks its boundaries with other states.

Decentralized States

They are a combination between centralized and federal states; they have autonomy in these matters.

Unitary State

The executive power is exerted by a single and central government.

Federal State

Power is divided between the federal government and the states' governments.

Rule of Law and the Constitution

Rule of Law

The state is subject to laws and regulations, and any new law depends on...

Basque Statute (1936): Text Commentary and Analysis

Introduction

This legal text, the Basque Statute, was officially released on October 1st, 1936. It represents a landmark document intended for the citizens of Spain, particularly the Basque people. While drafted by representatives of the Basque citizens, primarily the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), it required approval from the central Spanish government. This text signifies the ratification of the statute by the Spanish courts.

Political Context

The Popular Front, victorious in the February elections, held power at the time. Negotiations for this statute had been ongoing for a considerable period, with two prior versions preceding it.

Previous Versions

• The first version, drafted before the 1931

D’Entreves' Three Points of View on the State

Which three points of view from which the state is approached are considered by D’Entreves? Are those points of view complementary? Why?

The State as Force (Monopoly of Power)

Firstly, the state equals force; it has the monopoly of force. There are, on the one hand, psychological forces affecting everyone everywhere. On the other hand, above all, there are new and unheard-of material forces, made available by the increasing perfection of scientific instruments, weapons, and means of defense and offense. To be sure, from this point of view, it is the executives, the bosses, the war lords, who are the state. It is they who make the decisions and give the commands. They hold the fate of all in their...

TEXT TYPOLOGY

What is a text? A language unit, spoken or written, with different sizes, communicative functions, social purposes, types, genres, and linguistic features.

Narrative Texts

To tell a story.

• Sequences of events and time
• Fictional or nonfictional
• Narrator: first person (protagonist or witness) or third person (omniscient)

Examples: Myths, fairy tales, stories, science fiction, historical fiction, novels, newspaper reports.

Grammatical features: Dynamic verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and adverb clauses.

Scaffold: 1. Orientation: who, when, where is happening. 2. Complication: Triggers a series of events. 3. Sequence of events: characters react to the complication. 4. Resolution: Problem is solved. 5. Coda: Moral to the story....

Comparison Between a SL and a SA

Basically, the main differences between these corporate forms are related to (a) equity required, (b) equity transferability, and (c) formalities.

1. Equity Required

• Sociedad Anónima: Minimum share capital is 60,000.00 Euros, and at least 25% shall be paid-up upon incorporation. The shares can be subscribed along a term set out by the incorporating-shareholders.
• Sociedad Limitada: Minimum capital, divided into participaciones, is 3,000.00 Euros, which must be fully subscribed and paid-up upon incorporation. Participaciones of an SL may have disproportionate voting and economic rights. It is admissible that one participación has a plurality of votes.

2. Equity Transferability

• Sociedad Anónima: The equity is essentially

The Shah Bano Case: A Landmark Indian Divorce Controversy

The Shah Bano case (1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCC (2) 556) was a controversial divorce lawsuit in India. Shah Bano, a 62-year-old Muslim woman and mother of five from Indore, Madhya Pradesh, was divorced by her husband in 1978 and subsequently denied alimony. This case sparked considerable debate about the application of different civil codes for different religions, particularly for Muslims in India.

The case led the Rajiv Gandhi government to pass the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. This act diluted the Supreme Court's secular judgment and effectively denied destitute Muslim divorcees the right to alimony from their former husbands. The Shah Bano case generated significant...

Constitution of 1837

Sovereignty: Shared between the King and the Courts, although in theory it recognized sovereignty.

Division of Powers: The Crown maintained greater powers than in the Constitution of 1812: legislative initiative, veto, and appointment of senators.

Recognition of Rights: Individual rights and freedom of the press as a guarantee of freedom of expression.

Courts and Suffrage: Bicameral: The Senate was formed by large landowners, half appointed by the monarch and the other half elected by census suffrage. The Congress of Deputies was composed of members elected by direct suffrage and a broader census than the provisions of the Royal Statute.

Constitution of 1845

Sovereignty: Shared between the King and the Courts.

Division of Powers:

Witnesses and Witness Statements

Witness statements are crucial in criminal investigations and trials. They serve as essential evidence, especially when a defendant's confession is inadmissible. A witness provides an oral declaration of knowledge about relevant facts. While common, witness evidence has relative reliability, and conclusions may be questioned.

Witness Role and Obligations

A witness is a third party summoned by the court to provide a statement about past events relevant to the criminal process. The witness's role is acquired through a subpoena, following legal formalities. Witnesses are unaware of the rights heard in the process and cannot be the accused parties.

Witness Duties and Exemptions

Witnesses have a duty to appear and testify...

Promissory Note Discounting Process

The sequence of discounting promissory notes is similar to discounting one's own promissory notes until the moment of cancellation. The signer is responsible for paying the promissory note.

Loan Application and Approval Steps

• The customer requests a loan for paying off third parties and submits a detailed application of the notes.
• The bank examines the customer's background, which is contained in their file and home folder.
• The bank authorizes credit, calculates deductions, and credits the resulting amount to the customer's account.
• The customer uses the loan for their activity.
• The bank notifies the signatories of the payment location for the document.
• The bank collects the notes from the signatories, who then discover